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I 





of Southwestern 
Pennsylvania 

TV^shm§fon§ Greene Coimfies 


By John WBoileau 


♦ ♦♦♦♦♦ 




















Foldout Placeholder 


This foldout is being digitized and will be 
inserted at a future date. 



























10 


COAL FIELDS 

OF 

SOUTH WESTERN PEN NSY LV AN IA 


WASHINGTON AND GREENE COUNTIES 


Fields of Coking Coal located in eastern Greene 
and southeastern Washington Counties, 
Pennsylvania, owned and 
largely controlled 

by 

Mr. J. V. Thompson 


(Price $10.00) 



Copyright, September 1907, 
by 

John W. Boileau 





/ 



t^RY-t CONGRESS 
1 lw0 Cooles Received 

I SEP 23 »90r 

Cooyrir^' Entry 

h&tt * N0, 







/N 






CONTENTS 


Prefatory Note ... 

Distribution of Coal Fields and Markets.. 

Increased Consumption and Broad Markets for Fuel . 

Coking Coal . 

Widening of the Coke Situation. 

Coke, Eastern Greene County Field.-. 

Greene County Coal Certainly a Coking Coal. 

Coal Measures of Northwestern Portion of the Appalachian Coal Fields Table. 

Geological ... 

Stratigraphy—Topography—Drainage—Surface Relief—Descriptive Geology—Structure—Geo¬ 
logical Structure—Whitely Syncline—Waynesburg Syncline—Amity Anticline. 

Pittsburgh Coal .. 

Analyses of Eastern Greene and Southeastern Washington Counties, Coal and Coke.24- 

Fulton’s Table, Showing Analyses of Standard Appalachian Coking Coal. 

Fulton’s Properties of Coke. 

Fulton’s Table: Exhibiting Physical and Chemical Properties of Coke. 

Railroads ... 

Transportation Facilities . 

Coal Eields, Railroads and the Freight Rates.35- 

Coke Industry in Southwestern Pennsylvania.38- 

Connellsville Coke Supply, by L. W. Fogg. 

Eastern Greene aind Eastern Washington County Coal Purchases and Developments. 

Coking Coal, Greene and Washington Counties. 

Increase in Value of Coal Lands. 

Increased Value of Coal Lands. 

Future Value of Coal Lands. 

Depleted Areas of Coal.. 

Combustion . 

Varieties of Coal... 

Freeport Coal . 

History of Connellsville Field.54- 

Coke History . 

Development and Production in Connellsville Region . 

United States Steel Corporation’s Coal Production .. 

Pittsburgh Coal Company’s Report . 

Production . ■.61-62- 

Markets and Lake Tonnage. 

Coking Coal Production.••. 

E. W. Parker on Production of Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal . 

Production of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Since 1876 by 5-Year Averages. 

Pennsylvania Production Compared With Total of United States . 

River Coal Production. 

Market Prices of Coal and Coke. 

Coal Prices . 

Coke Demands . 

By-Products of Coke. 

Anthracite . 

Natural Gas . 

Export Coal . 

Industrial Situation . 

Coal Reserves . 

Maps and Tabulated Information. 

Ownership of Coal Quality and Life of Field: Values . 

Iron and Steel Industries. 

Exhausting Nature’s Capital. 

Coal—General . 

Coal in the United States. 

The Country’s Material Energy... .. 


5 

9 

II 

11 

12 

13 
13 -M 

PS 

16 


23 

25-26 

27 

28 

29 
31 
33 

36-37 

39-40 

41-42 

43 

48 

49 
49 

51 

52 

53 

54 
54 

55-56 

57 

58 

59 

59-60 

63-64 

64 

64 

65-66 

67 

68 
69 
6q 
69 

69 

70 

70 

71 
71-72 

73 

73-74 

78 

78 

77 

88 

88-89 

89 

90 


MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Railroad and Projected Lines on Topographical Map of the Connellsville Coal Fields and Exten¬ 
sions .Front of Book 

Map Showing Extent of Northern Part of Appalachian Coal Fields. 7 

Map Showing Area of Pittsburgh Coal in Pennsylvania . 8 

Map Showing Distribution of Coal Fields. 9 

Principal Centers of Consumption of Coal and Coke . 10 

Sketch Map, Showing Waynesburg, Amity, Brownsville and Masontown Quadrangles. 21 

Cross Sections . ... 22 

Halberstadt Map of Southwestern Pennsylvania Coal Fields, Showing Projected Lines of Railroad 

in Greene and Washington Counties... 30 

Diagram Showing Mills Per Ton Per Mile Charged on Coal. 34 

Letters—F. M. Osborne, John H. Jones, IT. A. Kuhn, Frank Hitchcock.44-45-46-47 

Graphic Diagrams and Maps. 79-80-81-82-83-84-85-86-87 

Rainey Map . Back of Book 








































































PREFATORY NOTE 


The object of this volume is to inform the various interests as to the true merit of the 
coal fields of southwestern Pennsylvania, and more particularly of the coking coal situation. 

The Connellsville coal field has had its quick rise in both output and great merit of prod¬ 
uct, and the rapid depletion of its areas makes necessary the looking to other fields. 

Nearby is the territory of eastern Greene and southeastern Washington Counties, and 
because of its geological, economical and commercial location it can well be called the great¬ 
est undeveloped coking coal field in America. With the Pittsburgh vein of coal, together with 
its close proximity to the thousands of mills in Ohio and Pennsylvania, the true situation is 
easily observed. 

Coal is the staple article and the advantageously located supply of coking coal gives us 
assurance of our future industries for some time to come. 

The statements herein given are based upon the accuracy of the information given from 
sources that there is every reason to believe authentic. An effort has been made to bring out 
the facts as to the supply of fuel, present output, and probable future needs; and as to this 
territory in particular. 

Mr. J. Y. Thompson, with his successful experience in coking coal and keen foresight 
as to its future, has purchased thousands of acres in eastern Greene and southeastern Wash¬ 
ington Counties. The information given herein certainly substantiates the wisdom of acquir¬ 
ing these large holdings. Time will prove their great worth just as it did with the purchases 
made by Mr. Frick, Mr. Thaw, Mr. Rainey, and many others in the old Connellsville field; 
and the result was millions of gain in values originating in developing nature’s greatest prod¬ 
uct—-coal, and the making of it into coke. 

The writer is under obligations to the following for letters published herein. They have 
greatly aided the writer in showing how the coking coal fields of eastern Greene and eastern 
Washington Counties are regarded by the leading and successful coal and iron interests. The 
courtesies are much appreciated: 

Mr. Frank M. Osborne, Ex-President of the Pittsburgh Coal Company, President of 
the Youffhiogheny & Ohio Coal Company, with their many mines and large holdings in west- 
ern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and W 7 est Virginia; also of the Tower Hill Connellsville Coke 
Company. 

Mr. John H. Jones, President of the Pittsburg-Buffalo Company, with their large and 
varied interests in western Pennsylvania and W est \ irginia. 

Mr. Frank Hitchcock, President of the Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company of Youngs¬ 


town, Ohio. 

To Mr. Id. A. Kuhn, President of the PittsburghAVestmoreland interests, am greatly in¬ 
debted for much of the valuable data given herein, also letter as to their holdings. 

Mr. F. C. Keighley, President of Coal Mining Institute of America and General Superin¬ 
tendent of the coking interests of the Oliver & Snyder Steel Company, has placed the writer 
under great obligations for the many suggestions offered, his ieAie\\ of the lnstoiy ot the cok¬ 
ing coal region, and the ably prepared article printed herein, on coke industry in southwestern 
Pennsylvania. 


5 


Mr. W. R. Calvary, General Superintendent of the Ellsworth Coal Company, very kindly 
gave the writer statements as to the operations at Ellsworth, together with many analyses. 

The undersigned is also indebted to Mr. Baird Halberstadt, the geologist, for use of 
map; to Mr. 1ST. P. Hyndman for use of Rainey map. Mr. A. Bement and the Peabody 
Coal Company for table showing the various coal measures in western Pennsylvania and 
Ohio. Also Mr. John Fulton, our well-known mining geologist, for information and sug¬ 
gestions given, and the table of analyses called “Fulton’s.” Mr. A. O. Tinsman for prices 
and conditions existing in early history of old Connellsville region. 

The writer is greatly indebted to the United States Geological Survey. Such able as¬ 
sistants as E. W. Parker, M. R. Campbell, and many others, have produced invaluable re¬ 
sults of great benefit to our many industrial interests. 

The article by Mr. L. W. Fogg is the result of broad experience and good reasoning. 

If there be a desire to corroborate what has been said, the undersigned would be glad 
to afford fhe opportunity. 

John W. Boileau. 

Pittsburgh, Penna., August 15, 1907. 


6 



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Map showing the extent of the northern part of the Ap¬ 
palachian coal field. 

The position of Waynesburg, Masontown and Uniontown 
quadrangles within the coal field, is shown by rectangles. 


7 












Map showing the area of Pittsburgh coal in Pennsylva¬ 
nia. Masontown and Uniontown quadrangle is situated 
on its eastern border. 

The Waynesburg quadrangle is situated wholly within 
the field. 


8 



















DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS AND MARKETS 

There is what is termed the Appalachian coal field proper, which extends from North¬ 
ern Pennsylvania into Alabama. It is a narrow strip West of the Allegheny Mountains 
and extends west to the Hocking Valiev district and into eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. 

The western half of Ohio and eastern half of Indiana is practically without coal. There 
is about half of the lower peninsula of Michigan that has coal measures. About one-third 
of Indiana and the major portion of Illinois, two-thirds of Iowa, and half of Missouri, has 
coal measures. Texas, Indian Territory, have coal, but quality and quantity is uncertain. 
In many instances a good quality is to be had. 

About one-tenth of Nebraska and one-fourth of Kansas is underlaid with coal measures 
Then we go West for several hundred miles. Colorado has great fields of coal, but in the 
main they are inaccessible and are only available for Colorado and points within a reasonable 
freight rate distance. This is true of New Mexico. Montana has large areas of coal. 

Of our large coal areas it is a hard question to say how much is available for profitable 
and economical mining. 

While we have large coal areas it may be noted that transportation costs and transpor¬ 
tation facilities limit the area of distribution of fuel obtained from any one source of supply. 
Southwest Pennsylvania coal fields are having the heaviest demands on their supply of any 
state in the Union. 

The Pittsburgh vein of coal in Southwestern Pennsylvania, and the part near the Penn¬ 
sylvania-West Virginia line in the latter state, the Freeports in northern West Virginia, 
the Cambria-Indiana fields, the Pocahontas fields, the eastern Kentucky, northern Alabama 
and other fields all have their markets for their coke product. From any of these latter 
points a heavy freight rate would prevail in reaching our Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio mills. 


9 












S OF 



10 



















INCREASED CONSUMPTION AND BROAD MARKETS FOR FUEL 


With the disappearance of the continually diminishing supply of natural gas, the in¬ 
creased consumption of coal should be large. Producer gas, through manufacture from coal, 
will aid to supply the needs. It will make a further inroad upon the supply of coal. 
The coal industry and its probable future is a very interesting subject in all its phases. The 
geologist and engineer who locates the coal, the initial steps in opening up the mine, the 
making arrangements in tipple and mine, the carrier, the railroad, the markets, production and 
consumption, the various laws, rules and regulations governing its shipment, the different 
uses to which it is placed, results to the benefit of industry and the comfort given to the 
world and its people all make a deep and valuable subject for consideration. 

There are many steel companies and industrial plants along the river and river front in 
the Pittsburgh district and for many miles up the Monongahela, Youghiogheny and Alle¬ 
gheny Rivers. These manufacturing interests get their supply of coal and coke by either 
river or rail, water transportations being far the cheaper, and with the Greene County water 
front of more than 25 miles, this transportation advantage alone is a great point in favor of 
Greene County coal. Because of this advantage the river interests supply a large percentage 
of all the coal consumed by the manufacturing interests on all the rivers in the vicinity of 
Pittsburgh. 


RESULT 

Mr. Frick, Mr. Rainey and others in the coking field laid the basis for their acquiring 
fortunes by purchasing lands containing coal suitable for the manufacture of coke. The great 
increase in the value of lands is observed. Where a few years ago coal acreage in Fayette 
County sold for $25 per acre, at the present time coal similarly located cannot be 
bought for less than eighty to one hundred times that amount. This is accounted for mainly 
by the great growth in the iron and steel business and the developments of our other natural 
resources. Our bridges, railroads, buildings, etc., are of steel and iron. 

The Fayette Fields to-day disclose the fact of but little acreage undeveloped or on 
which development is not proposed. 


COKING COAL 

Our resources are great and comparatively little developed in culture, mining, etc. A 
continued expansion in the use of iron and steel for railroads and buildings and otherwise, cer¬ 
tainly means increased demand for coke. Good coke, produced as cheaply as possible, is nec¬ 
essary in order to not, as is the case in Great Britain, make in many instances fuel too high to 
be economically advantageous. 

The Pittsburgh coal bed is the proper one to adhere to. Chemical experts are building 
machinery that will crush poorer qualities of coal, which by washing and handling, can 
eliminate in a way part of the impurities, and in some instances with the thick vein seam, the 
cost of handling has been reduced to a desired figure. The cost has been counted in latest 
methods at from five to twelve cents per ton owing to the advantages to be had. If the poorer 
seams of coal were used, and especially where there is great unevenness of bed, it would be at 
even a higher cost than the above, while a thick and regular bed could be handled at the 
minimum amount named. It has been proven frequently that some of the thin vein coals, 


n 



and other than the Pittsbnrgh-Connellsville bed, have produced a better coke as far as an 
analyses is concerned, but they are lacking in the physical qualities required; they do not 
have the strong structure and quick combustion at the same time. 

It is the general belief that coke from the Pittsbnrgh-Connellsville bed excels the Po¬ 
cahontas coal because the latter does not hold up in the furnace and admit of blast as well 
as the former. The chemical end of the situation cannot wholly determine its usefulness. I hen 
again the transportation would make Pocahontas coal costly for use in Pittsburgh mills. 

The old territory of the Pittsburgh bed is of great worth, the various fields having espe¬ 
cial merits owing to the physical conditions they have been subjected to. Most of South¬ 
western Pennsylvania, and in Greene and Washington Counties, the covering is generally 
thick, the various strata from crop or drifts several hundred feet in thickness. 

This is a coke era. Coke will certainly continue as a necessary and economical factor in 
the iron, steel and other metallurgical operations, as with the widening of the future in 
these coke will surely go along with them. It certainly was of the greatest benefit to mankind 
that the great beds of fuel were stored up in the way of energy for his future needs. 

In a way charcoal served a similar purpose, but in twenty years or less our great for¬ 
ests will have become depleted. With no wood for fuel, charcoal has had its period for 
smelting, and with the disappearance of our forests, our great water falls will in part or main 
lose their usefulness to mankind. Instead of being regular, because of the effect forests have 
on the regularity of the flow of water, they will be barren and only periodically may the 
water fall be used. 


WIDENING OF THE COKE SITUATION 


The extraordinary demands for coke have brought into prominence many fields, some 
that have made coke of merit, and some that have made coke in a smaller way because of the 
Connellsville region being able to take care of all requirements. The Connellsville region 
has been pressed to the limit, and most of the outside product has found a market. There 
is much good coke jiroduced in other places than in the original Connellsville belt. From 
Alabama to Northern Pennsylvania the bituminous coal beds extend. The coke in the Fair¬ 
mont District, that of the Pocahontas Fields, has no difficulty in finding purchasers. The Con¬ 
nellsville coke is the furnace fuel par excellence. There is other coke that is accept¬ 
able. Pocahontas coal is chemically pure enough to suit the iron maker, but it is irregular 
because of the irregular conditions under which it is found, deposited and mined. All these 
conditions give promise for the coal of Eastern Greene and Eastern Washington Counties. 
It foreshadows its future, and with the demand for iron and steel continually increasing, no 
longer can the railroads hesitate in developing this territory. In Eastern Washington it has 
already been tapped and big days are close at hand. The manufacture of coke is far from reach¬ 
ing its limit in the Pittsburgh coal seam region of Southwestern Pennsylvania. 


12 


COKE AND THE EASTERN GREENE COUNTY FIELD 


There are cokes that contain an injurious quantity of sulphur but are merchantable even 
if they slightly exceed one per cent. Many manufacturers of iron and steel are using cokes, 
and have used coke, of a much higher percentage of sulphur. But the analyses shown herein 
proves this field to be the most valuable coking coal district. 

The first coke ovens were built at Connellsville in 1841, only sixty-six years ago. 

The amount and nature of the impurities in the way of ash, sulphur, phosphorus, to¬ 
gether with the amount of carbon, volatile matter and ash, including their physical makeup, 
all determine the coking qualities. In other words, it is the physical and chemical makeup 
that changes the results. 

The reason that Connellsville coke is better than any other is that the physical structure 
and hardness of body of the coke is such as is desired. It is quite true that many of the coals 
are purer, but they are lacking in the physical structure, one of the main elements which is nec¬ 
essary, no matter how pure the coal may be. Without this, it will not serve its purpose in 
the furnace. 

Another thing that will aid in developing successfully the field will be close atten¬ 
tion given to the making of the coke. This is also necessary to having a coal that is chemically 
satisfactory. The Pittsburgh coal bed is the most regular strata in the world. There is 
but little coal lost through faults, change in quality, etc. Quite different from the Southern 
regions, where both change in quality and loss in thickness of bed is of frequent occurrence. 
The coke in the Pocahontas field may be chemically purer than the Connellsville, but it does not 
have the physical requirements in strength and appearance; it takes more pounds of coal per ton 
of coke than the Connellsville. 

The scarcity of coking coals of merit compared with the amount of other fuel is of great 
importance to the future of Pittsburgh. The most accessible region will be Eastern Greene 
County. The coke made from this bed has good weight, firmness and appearance, and it is 
difficult to distinguish it from Connellsville coke, and in structure has the power to carry the 
burden in the furnace. 

Coke can be produced so as to be made a perfect locomotive fuel. The Boston & Maine 
Railroad in 1S99 changed more than fifty locomotives by placing in water grates; the change 
beins in the use of coke which is dustless and smokeless. On the run between Boston and 
Portland there was hardly a handful of ashes, where in burning coal at least three bushels 
would remain. The cost of coke was about the same as bituminous coal, while the advan¬ 
tages of it were numerous. If the roadbeds were oiled and coke used as fuel, passenger serv¬ 
ice would be as clean as on electric roads. Then, again, many savings are made because of 
fires resulting from sparks. This coke, as a locomotive fuel, is only made possible through the 
by-product process; the cost would be prohibitive otherwise. Bituminous coal requires con¬ 
stant firing where coke only requires re-firing every 10 or 15 miles. 

GREENE COUNTY COAL CERTAINLY A COKING COAL 

In looking at the extent of the celebrated Pittsburgh coal bed, together with its national 
reputation for coking, steaming, gas making and domestic purposes, we observe that part of it 
which is available for coke. 

Looking at the map, showing the area of the Pittsburgh coal in Pennnsylvania, the 
available coal for future output may be analyzed as follows: 

In southern Allegheny County the Pittsburgh bed has many outcrops, and much of its area 
has long been depleted. As it is, all the large interests have acquired it almost in total. The 
same with the long narrow blocks shown m A estmoreland ( ountjy but little coal foi sale. All 


13 


are aware of the scarcity of coal lands in Fayette County. The coal in the northern and west¬ 
ern half of Washington County is not coking coal under present methods in general use, leav ing 
the southeastern quarter with the known results as to its merit. The future ot western Greene 
County is undetermined. This leaves us, out of all this large extent of coal measures, the east¬ 
ern half of Greene County practically undeveloped, and movement upon this territory is al¬ 
ready begun. There are the developments of the Jones interests at Zollarsville; the Lessemei 
interests between Millsboro and Clarksville; the Pittsburgh & \\ estmoreland interests above 
Ten Mile village; the Dilworth Coal Company at Pice’s Landing; the Gilmore ( oke Company 
in Muddy Creek valley and adjoining Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company, and nearby, in the 
Muddy Creek district, the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. All of the above propose 
erecting coke ovens. With such explanation as this, it is certain that the centre of coke-mak¬ 
ing will move more closely to and within Greene County borders. 

The Pittsburgh coal bed on account of its thickness, its regularity, its availability, its high 
grade and its adaptability for the production of coke and gas has long been the most famous 
bituminous coal seam in the United States. This particular high grade part of bed is restricted 
to the southwestern part of the State under conditions named in above paragraph. 

All the above named counties are pretty well in the same strata as far as the coal measures 
are concerned, but the different sections are classed as to the material or class of coal existing. 
Near Pittsburgh it is steaming fuel; in the Monongahela-Webster basin it is a gas coal be¬ 
cause of high percentage of volatile matter, and when southern Washington County and h ay- 
ette are reached it is a coking coal. With not too great a difference, one would answer the 
purpose of the other. 


GREENE COUNTY COKING COAL 

The coal of eastern Greene and eastern Washington Counties is identical geologically with 
the Connellsville seam. Physically and chemically there is but little difference. From western 
Fayette County through Greene County, the seam is without any abrupt interruption, and the 
same continuous strata is to be had on the Greene County side as on that of Fayette County. 
When the bed was deposited the amount of vegetable matter, also the physical conditions, may 
have caused a slight difference in the quantity of the various component parts entering into the 
make-up of the coal, and at the same time the Connellsville bed as observed in the 
fracture of the coal may have been subjected to slightly more heat, and in the one some of 
the component gases may have been retained, while in the other they were allowed to partially 
escape. 

But eastern Greene and eastern Washington County coal shows sufficiently high in carbon 
to make good coke. The vegetable bed was of the same deposit, and while after conditions 
and influences may have caused slight change, making both a slight variation chemically and 
physically, chemically in a slight way, and physically as seen in the bed, the Connellsville 
coal having different fracture from the laminated bed of the west side of the River,—although 
when crushed comes out in the same form as that of the Connellsville coal,—eubular in form; 
although same physical results, specific gravity about the same. However, but little of it will 
need to be crushed for coke making. With the exception of slight change the coal across the 
river is just as good as Connellsville coal, and in many instances examination has shown it to 
be superior in quality, having smaller ash and lower percentage of phosphorus and about the 
same sulphur. The explanation of its being high in volatile matter is because of the heavy 
vegetable bed and its thorough submergence, together with the highly bituminized condition be¬ 
cause of thick covering over same and remoteness from centers of disturbances. The Greene 
County coal is available for coke making. 

That portion of Greene County from Ruff’s Creek District east to river, south through Jef¬ 
ferson to Muddy Creek, and continuing south toward State line, is regarded, as to location and 


14 


COAL MEASURES OF NORTHWESTERN PORTION OF THE APPALACHIAN COAL FIELD 


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quality, excellent territory. Geologically it is a continuation of the Connellsville coal basin and 
its similarity chemically and physically, not only renders it more than an average coking coal 
and demonstrates that it is a coking field of first rank. 

The location of eastern Greene County coal, together with its quality, gives it prestige 


over anv coal outside the Pittsburgh district. 

v O 


GEOLOGICAL 

The more perfect conditions under which coal is developed and operated, such as persis¬ 
tency of beds, unlimited areas of high grade coal and nearness of market, together with the 
quality, determine the basis of coal values. 

The physical condition of coal depends upon existing conditions when deposited, similar 
to that of stones,—a free stone or a sand stone. In the former, the slimes or finer sediment 
have been deposited under a naturally quieter condition, while the coarse sandstone is made 
when more disturbed conditions and larger particles of silica, drift, etc., were present. 

Our lower measures were formed first. Then a luxuriant growth of vegetation sprang up, 
followed by its submergence, and then a deposit of various clays, rocks and shales, and after a 
period of another growth, another submergence, etc., until the upper Freeport, which was 
larger than any previous vegetable bed, was formed. We note in the lower measures effect from 
the drift period, a more irregular bed in both quality and physical condition. After the vege¬ 
table bed was deposited which made the upper Freeport and with its subsequent submergence, 
there was a long sub-aqueous period in which at least five hundred feet of deposit in the way 
of clays, shales and sediment; then a greater mass of vegetation formed and the Pittsburgh or 
Connellsville seam of coal was deposited. This was at. a time when subsidence had become 
quiet,—thus the explanation of the persistency and evenness with which the Pittsburgh bed is 
formed; in many places the coal goes over the anticlines without even a break. There was 
no decided disturbances of the bed. The great Bellevernon anticline in some places shows a 
disturbance, but it is not proven general. Under such conditions the quality of coal could not 
be otherwise than perfect. The whole territory is necessary for the continuance of the su¬ 
premacy of the Monongahela Valley in iron and steel industries. The different districts have 
their special merits owing to the physical conditions to which they have been subjected, whether 
it be increased pressure above, whether there is a deposit over the coal bed that preserved it, 
whether it be of shale, clay or freestone or sandstone,—all these would tend to change the 
physical and economical condition of the coal. Some were more completely submerged than others, 
thus making heavier strata over the bed; some allowed the component gases to escape, some al¬ 
lowed the impurities from the accumulation of strata above to seep down into the coal, and later 
after-inffuences in the way of erosion has had its effect. 

During the accumulation of the Pittsburgh coal bed the luxuriant growth of vegetation 
was to be had, and during that part of the carboniferous period it was at its best. The Ap- 
palacian Basin was a comparatively level area, and the remarkable uniformity in conditions and 
the long duration of plant growth resulted in the formation of this magnificent area of coal. 
There were a few changes took place as the different layers of impurities represent by the part¬ 
ings in the coal. One can observe how uniform this was and how widespread in their extent, and 
forest growths finally ended by a broad submergence which caused the deposit of overlying shale 
and sandstone, and it is easily observed by the various cross sections that there is very little va¬ 
riation in Eastern Washington and eastern Greene Counties in the level of the Pittsburo- coal 

- O 


16 



From Chartiers Creek, where we find the Manifold mine, down to Ellsworth and Zollars- 
ville, we find on the east side of this line many operations and many drillings that show the 
depth of bed, quality of coal and its thickness, and invariably prove the continuance of the good 
qualities of the Connellsville or Pittsburgh seam on its southwest course from Fayette County. 

The thickness of the Pittsburgh coal bed is somewhat variable, but its structure is fairly 
constant throughout the entire region. The arrangement of the benches show the roof or 
draw slate, the breast coal, bearing-in-coal, brick coal and bottom coal. The breast 
coal and bottom coal are the portion of the seam mined for shipment. In the center of the 
lower division are two slate partings, separated by what is called the “bearing-in” coal. 

One of the many remarkable things in connection with the vegetable beds is the various 
states of composition; one bed may be pure and the other impure. During the agitation 
brought about by the submergence, many a stream would wind its way through the same, cutting 
out the vegetable matter and leaving a sediment of clay or gravel or stone deposited in its. place. 
This occurs in the lower beds of coal. In parts of Ohio it is frequently the case. A drift 
period existed. 

The following information is taken from the F. S. Geological Survey:— 

The Waynesburg quadrangle is almost wholly situated in Greene County. It extends 
into the southern part of Washington County and includes a small portion of Fayette County 
on the east side of the Monongahela Piver. It extends to within two miles of the north line 
of West Virginia and 15 miles of the east line of Ohio. It lies in the northern central portion 
of the Allegheny plateau. Within this quadrangle there are a few knobs and ridges that rise 
to a greater heighth than the surface of the plateau, but they are but little higher than the gen¬ 
eral level of the surrounding hills and in the main they are to the south of Waynesburg. 


STRATIGRAPHY 

The rocks which are exposed at the surface in the Allegheny plateau belong entirely to 
the carboniferous system; they include the Pocono, Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, Allegheny, Con- 
emaugh, Monongahela formation, and the Dunkard group. They arc named below in order of 
their age, beginning with the lowest: 

Pocono Formation:—Pocono formation which is only reached in this quadrangle by drill¬ 
ing deep wells for oil and gas, and contains no workable beds of coal. 

Mauch Chunk:—Mauch Chunk formation takes its name from Mauch Chunk in the an¬ 
thracite coal region, where it is moved 2,000 feet thick in the deep synclines, and in western 
Pennsylvania it is exposed along the Conemaugh River and Chestnut Ridge Mountain. In the 
Waynesburg quadrangle it is represented by red shale, sandstone and limestone, with a total 
thickness and of the formation varying from 125 to 250 feet. 

Pottsville Formation:—Pottsville formation is exposed in eastern Pennsylvania, while in 
the western part of the state the outcrop is seen at a point of great development in Mercer 
County. 

Allegheny Formation:—Allegheny Formation, from which comes all of the bituminous coal 
mined in this state north of Pittsburgh and east of Connellsville and Blairsville, bears, besides 
several coal seams, valuable beds of fire clay, limestone, shale and iron ore. Because of the 
number of coal seams in this formation it is called the Lower Productive Measures. 

Conemaugh Formation:—Conemaugh formation, which outcrops along the river of same 
name, is frequently called Lower Barren Measures on account of its stratigraphy and position 
and the absence in it of workable beds. 

Monongahela Formation:—Monongahela formation overlies the Conemaugh in the south¬ 
eastern part of the state, and extends from the bottom of the Pittsburgh coal below to the top of 
the Waynesburg above. Its thickness varies from 310 to 400 feet. It contains several coal 
beds of which the Pittsburgh seam is by far the most valuable and best known. It is much 


17 


less sandy and shaly than any of the other carboniferous formation, but contains, on the 
other hand, far more limestone, which constitutes more than one-third of its thickness. 

Dunkard Group:—This group of rocks was formerly known as the Upper Barren measures 
and later as the Dunkard Formation. It lies above Monongahela Formation and includes the 
highest rocks of the carboniferous system found in this area, which has a thickness in the south¬ 
west corner of Pennsylvania of about 1,100 feet above sea level. It consists mainly of shale 
and sandstone and also contains beds of coal and limestone. The coal in this formation is gen¬ 
erally worthless. 


TOPOGRAPHY 

There are several interstream areas that have not been brought down to the common level, 
as the period of erosion did not continue long enough to reduce them. The result is, there are 
several elevations and hills of a height of 1,500 feet above sea level. 

DRAINAGE 

Greene County has on its eastern border the Monongahela River for a distance of 24 miles. 
This river has been made navigable by a series of locks and dams; pools 5, 6 and 7 touch its bor¬ 
der. The altitude of the surface of water in Pool 5, at Rice’s Landing, is 746.4 ft. above tide. 

The entire drainage of the Waynesburg quadrangle, or three-fourths of the area of Greene 
County, and the entire drainage of the eastern half of Greene County flows into the Mononga¬ 
hela River. The main streams are Forth Ten Mile, South Ten Mile, Muddy, Whitely and 
Dunkard Creeks. Ten Mile Creek carries away the water of fully one-half of the territory. 
All these streams afford a gravity line with very light grades, thus enabling the tapping of this 
territory along these streams by branches built from lines along the Monongahela River. The 
direction of the water courses cannot be ascribed to the present structure of rocks because it 
disregards anticlines and synclines alike. The South Fork of Ten Mile passes from Waynes¬ 
burg syncline across the axis of the Bellevernon anticline, and then, swinging to the northeast, 
recrosses the same axis twice in the vicinity of Clarksville. Whitely Creek has its source near 
the crest of the Bellevernon anticline and crosses the Whitely syncline and meets the flank of 
the next anticline on the east at right angles. Dunkard Creek performs similarly. 

SURFACE RELIEF 

The surface of eastern Greene and Washington counties is decidedly hilly in all parts. 
By reference to the topographic map herein reproduced, elevations vary from 741.4 ft. on the 
river to 1,620 ft. in the western part of Perry Township. More than fifty hilltops reach an al¬ 
titude of 1,500 ft. or more, while the flood plains of the main streams are less than 1,025 ft. 
above tide. The territory, by reason of its proximity to Monongahela River, have the lowest 
average altitude. This includes Morgan and Jefferson townships. The grade from Millsboro, 
via Clarksville, Jefferson and Waynesburg, in 18.4 miles is less than 10 ft. to the mile, or 
the water of Ten Mile Creek at Waynesburg is less than 184 feet above that at the river. The 
Muddy Creek Valley shows fair grade until Love’s Ilill is encountered. The same way with 
Whitely and Dunkard,—good grades until far back from the river. 


18 


DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY 
Structure 


On the sketch map (page 21) given herein the geology is shown by means of contour 
lines drawn on the floor of the Pittsburgh coal. W here the Pittsburgh seam shows any natural 
outcrop its altitude has been determined, and where it crosses below the surface its existing po¬ 
sitions are known through the records of the many gas wells of the region. After its altitude has 
been determined the points of equal altitude are connected by contour lines. This gives us the 
longitudinal and transverse contours of the troughs and arches, the dip of the beds, and the 
approximate height of the Pittsburgh coal above sea level. The topographical map (page 1) 
herein gives the surface heighth above sea level; hence at the various points it is easy to de¬ 
termine the depth of the Pittsburg coal below the surface. 

These structures contours are only approximately correct, but in any case it is the belief 
that the correct depth is probably less than one contour interval, that is 50 ft. Over much of 
the area the variation is not more than 20 ft. 


GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE 

The general structural features of the four quadrangles are shown in Sketch map (page 
21). In the Waynesburg quadrangle these have the more northeast and southwest strike that 
characterizes the whole Appalachian field. Fayette anticline has but little to do with Greene 
and Washington counties except to deflect the strata sharply to the west along Dunkard Creek. 
The Brownsville anticline elves a north and south course to the contour between Davistown 

o 

and Whitely, cutting off the Lambert syncline and joining the Fayette anticline two miles east 
of Whitely Village near Willow Tree. 


WHITELY SYNCLINE 

This syncline (see map, page 21) lies between Fayette and Bellevernon anticline. The 
shape of the Whitely syncline is broad and shallow and dips toward the south. The axis of the 
trough lies on a line through Khedive, Fordyce and Kirby; hence the floor of the Pittsburgh 
coal should have a regular sloping bed. 

The Bellevernon anticline is frequently called the Waynesburg anticline. Its axis 
crosses the Monongahela River at Bellevernon. It has been proven by the Geological 
Survey that the continuity of the fold continues through to points east of Waynesburg, but 
near there has decreased much in size and even then the Bellevernon anticline is the most 
pronounced structural feature in Greene County. Where the Bellevernon anticline crosses 
the Monongahela River the Pittsburgh coal is at an elevation of 1,000 feet above sea level. At 
Blacksville, on the Pennsylvania-West Virginia state line, the same coal is little more than 
400 feet above tide, probably the fold disappears soon after entering West Virginia. The 
eastern slope of the Bellevernon anticline in Jefferson Township is short and gentle. From 
the crest near the mouth of Braden Run to the bottom of the syncline at Fordyce and Khedive 
there is scarcely more than 200 feet. From the crest at the same point to the axis of the 
syncline to the west the Pittsburgh coal descends nearly 400 feet, while the western flank 
of the Bellevernon axis has a regular slope, as shown by contour line on the structure sheet. 


19 


WAYNESBURG SYNCLINE 


This structural basin lies west of the Bellevernon anticline. The Pigeon Creek and 
Waynesburg syncline might be one and the same, but mine data in the vicinity of Bentleys- 
ville, Washington County, seems to indicate cross structure, so that basin was given the local 
name of Pigeon Creek Syncline. On Pigeon Creek the Pittsburgh coal is 700 feet above tide, 
while the Wisecarver Run in this quadrangle is at least 400 feet lower; although this fall 
may be continuous from one point to the other, it is not known to be so, so it is best to use 
the local term—Waynesburg Syncline. The several wells drilled show the position of the 
Pittsburgh coal and mainly from the elevation of the Upper Washington Limestone. 


AMITY ANTICLINE 


From Ruff’s Creek to Reese’s Creek the rocks rise to the west more gradually than to 
the east, and the low anticline crosses the Northwestern corner in Morris Township through 
the Fonner oil field. This is frequently called the Pin Hook anticline. In Pennsylvania 
State report the axis has been traced from the northwest corner of Waynesburg quadrangle 
northward across Ten Mile Creek at Hackney and across the village of Amity in Washing¬ 
ton County. According to well records the Pittsburgh coal is about 460 feet above sea level 
on the crest of the Amity anticline where it crosses the northern boundary of the quadrangle, 
its elevation is 420 feet at the road forks of the extreme northwestern corner of the quad¬ 
rangle, and from 400 to 420 feet in the wells on the Dunn farm half mile farther north. On 
the crest of the anticline at Hackney, a little over three miles due north of Hope, the elevation 
of the coal is 495 feet. The rocks dip to the East so that the same coal was found 430 feet 
above tide in diamond drill holes at Bissell on Ten Mile Creek. For this reason the 450 feet 
contour line is shown swinging strongly to the east near Hope so as to pass closely to Ten 
Mile Village. 

The Sketch Map shows the relation of the geologic structure in the Waynesburg and 
Amity quadrangle to that in the Brownsville and Masontown quadrangle. 


20 


AMITY QUADRANGLE BROWNSVILLE QUADRANGLE 



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Horizontal scale, 1 inch=3f miles; vertical scale, 1 inch=3000 feet. FROM u. S. GtOL. S 














PITTSBURGH COAL 


The Pittsburgh coal outcrops along Ten Mile Creek between Clarksville and the Mononga- 
hela River, and very close to the water level. 

From an industrial and economic standpoint this coal is the most important member of the 
formations. It is more uniform in quality and thickness, and, for a given area, more valuable 
than any other bed in the bituminous field. The Pittsburg coal occurs in an area of about fifty 
miles in length by about 50 miles in width in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania. It is found 
throughout Greene and Washington counties and extends east into Fayette and north into Al¬ 
legheny County and shows a thickness of from six feet to ten feet; south from Pittsburgh, as 
you approach the West Virginia line, the coal thickens, while west of Pittsburgh on the north¬ 
western outcrop it runs from four feet to six feet in thickness. The drillings in eastern 
Greene and Washington counties show practically the same aggregate thickness it maintains 
in the outcrop on the edge of the field along the Monongahela River near Frederickstown and 
Millsboro and farther south along Dunkard. The Pittsburgh bed in this section is separated 
only in instances by coaly shale and a heavy slate from the massive Pittsburgh sandstone. Oc¬ 
casionally the roof of the coal is the sandstone, particularly so in along Dunkard Creek. This 
seam of coal is well known for its excellent quality throughout the entire district. In the 
Youghiogheny basin, in the vicinity of West Newton and Scott Haven, also in the Webster 
basin in the Monongahela River, it is a first class gas coal, and the coal for forty miles to the 
south of Pittsburgh up the Youghiogheny River is the standard fuel. 

We need say nothing of the quality of Pittsburg coal as a steam and domestic coal. It 
is a great producer of illuminating gas and contains sometimes 36 to 38 per cent, of volatile 
combustible matter. For the manufacture of coke it has few, if any, equals in the United 
States. 

The Pittsburgh coal as measured in this region shows at Rice’s Landing below the 
roof coal and clay 7 feet 10 inches of coal. The coal in the Northeastern part of 
Greene County shows about 7 feet in thickness. It has been observed along the Mo¬ 
nongahela River where the Pittsburgh coal is exposed at the surface, that in some places 
the overlying sandstone attains a very massive character and for a short distance cuts out 
the upper bench of coal, and the evidence of drillings show greater thickness than is exposed 
alone- Ten Mile Creek and the river. The coal on Dunkard Creek shows a thickness of 
9 feet and upwards. 


23 


ANALYSIS IN EASTERN GREENE AND SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON 

COUNTIES 


Many analyses have been made of the coal in southeastern Washington and eastern 
Greene Counties, and very good results are to be had. North of Ellsworth on Chartiers and 
Peters Creek, the sulphur may run one to two per cent. On Pigeon Creek it is nearly always 
less than 1%. From examination shown throughout the territory in question, the coal was valua¬ 
ble for coking, but west of the Pin Hook anticlinal and west of Rogersville the coal would be a 
steam or gas coal rather than coking coal, as the quality seems to somewhat deteriorate as you 
go west to the Ohio River. Mechanical handling and scientific methods might be used to perfect 
results. 

The good chemical character of the coals in eastern Washington County is observed in the 
various analyses given herein. The average of ten samples taken from Fourth Pool mine on 
west side of the River including Vesta No. 1, Vesta No. 2, Allen, Champion, Eclipse, Forsythe, 
"N igilant, Crescent, Beaumont and Knob mines, show an average analysis of 

Moisture.648 

Volatile Matter. 32.994 

Fixed Carbon. 59.604 

Sulphur . 1.013 

Ash . 6.754 

Phosphorus.0176 

The result of all analyses and examinations show that physically and chemically the east¬ 
ern Greene and eastern Washington County coking coal indicates its adaptability for met¬ 
allurgical and furnace use. 


The Ellsworth coal and coke tests at the fuel testing plant at St. Louis showed: 



Coal. 

Coke. 

Moisture . 

. 2.91 

0.23 

Volatile Matter. 

. 33.70 

1.19 

Fixed Carbon. 

. 57.99 

91.63 

Ash . 

. 5.40 

6.95 

Sulphur . 

. 1.08 

0.81 


Analyses of dry coal from Ellsworth collieries and from coke 
the same coal: 


made in a crucible from 


Coal. 

Volatile Matter . 37.92 

Fixed Carbon. 57.72 

Ash . 3.69 

Sulphur.67 


100.00 

Phosphorus. 0032 


Coke. 

1.08 

92.35 

5.96 

.61 


100.00 

.0051 


24 




















Xo. 2 


Analyses of Pittsburgh coal from the Ellsworth collieries: 

-Xo. 1- 


Loss of moisture, air dried. 

• 

1.50 


1.50 

Moisture . 

. 1.22 

2.91 

1.05 

3.01 

Volatile Matter. 


33.7'i 

36.65 

33.46 

Fixed Carbon. 

. 56.24 

57.99 

57.25 

58.70 

Ash . 

. 6.26 

5.40 

5.05 

4.83 


100.00 

101.50 

100.00 

101.50 

Sulphur . 

.84 

1.08 

.91 

. 73 

Calories . 




7,915 

British thermal units. 

. 14,247 



14,197 


Ellsworth Laboratory under dates given made the following determination of coal and 

coke: 


1907 

Volatile 

Matter 

Ash 

Sulphur 

Phosphorus 

April 4th, Coal. 

... 26.50 

9.42 

1.35 

.011 

April 22nd, Coke.. 


8.85 

.95 

.016 

April 22nd, Coke. 


8.53 

.89 

.016 

April 23rd, Coke. 


9.12 

.95 

.013 

May 21st, Slack Coal. . . 


8.55 

1.07 


May 27th, Coal. 


7.18 

1.05 

.016 

June 21st, Coke. 


8.75 

.96 

.014 

July 13th, Coal. 


8.06 

1.19 

.009 

July 17th, Coke. 


10.22 

1.04 

.020 

July 17th, Coke. 


9.10 

.86 

.010 

July 24th, Coke. ...... 


10.03 

1.05 

.017 


The following miscellaneous analyses are given in territory as indicated by townships or 
farm location: 

In every field there are always portions of it low and portions of it high in sulphur, and 
the different drillings given below and elsewhere show only the usual variance. 

The core drillings, that have been made not far from the Washington and Greene County 
line in the vicinity of the H. P. Bailey farm, show a depth of 414.5* feet; thickness of coal 
0.42 feet; sulphur 1.20% and phosporus .011%. 

About one and one-half miles north a drilling in the vicinity of Margaret Johns¬ 
ton farm shows a depth of 435.33 feet; thickness of coal 0.42 feet; sulphur, 1.05%. and 
phosphorus .009%. Continuing farther north three miles in the southern portion of South 
Franklin Township, near William k James Tucker farm, we find a diamond drill test hole 
record showing a depth of 041.07 feet; thickness of coal 0.17 feet; sulphur .79%o, phosphorus 
.01%. South and to the west, a point about one and one-half miles north of Lone Pine, a dia¬ 
mond drill test shows, near J. W (dosser farm, depth 370.75 feet; thickness of coal 0 feet; 
sulphur .82%, phosphorus, .009%; and to the south of these holdings, a distance of two 
miles, and about 2% miles north of the Tucker farm, we find a depth of 589.5 feet; thick¬ 
ness of coal 7.33 feet; sulphur 1.23%, phosphorus .01%,. 

The analyses above given are along or near the I in Hook anticline. 


25 




























Going farther south, in the vicinity of Zollarsville and Clarksville, the following anal¬ 
yses are given: 


Horn Farm 

Near 

Adjoining 

Latter 

Castile Run, 

Near Rose Farm 

near Zol- 

Clarks- 

near Break- 

back of 

larsville 

ville 

iron farm 

Clarksville 

Moisture . 1.62 

1.12 

1.00 

1.20 

1.31 

Volatile Matter. 

36.83 

36.70 

34.10 


Bitumen . 29.85 

Fixed Carbon. 60.71 

58.47 

56.69 

58.19 

29.74 

62.05 

Ash . 6.90 

o . do 

5.61 

6.51 

5.18 

Sulphur.92 

. 73 

1.08 

1.18 

.92 

Phosphorus . Trace. 

.009 

. 003 

.003 

Trace. 

Moisture . 

Miller Farm, 
near Zollars¬ 
ville 

.87 

In same 
terri¬ 
tory 

1.01 

Grable Farm, 
northwest of 
Zollarsville 

1.24 


Volatile Matter .... 

. 25.75 

32.37 

30.87 


Fixed Carbon . 

. 65.04 

58.12 

60.96 


Ash . 

. 7.32 

8.50 

5.93 


Sulphur . 

. 1.01 

1.07 

.98 


Phosphorus. 

.008 

.011 

.004 


Analysis of coal located on Muddy Creek, near 
North of tract drillings show: 

o 

Volatile Matter. 

Khedive. 

29.93 


Carbon . 



59.90 


Ash . 



8.90 


Sulphur . 



.71 



Farm 

Co. 

^ Depth 

Twp. 

Thick¬ 

Volatile 

Fixed 


Phos¬ 

Sul¬ 



coal 

ness 

Matter 

Carbon 

Ash 

phorus 

phur 

J. W. Closser, 

Greene, 

Wash. 719 

5.17 

30.07 

59.40 

7.50 

Trace. 

1.63 

Stone King, 

Greene, 

Cumberland 557 

8.50 

29.93 

59.97 

8.60 


0.71 

Perry Fox, 

Greene, 

Perry 429 

8.17 

30.16 

58.61 

9.05 


0.98 

Chas. Hughes’ 









Farm, 

Greene, 

(Ruff’s Creek) 







At Lippencott 



7 ft. 





1.00 


26 

















Analyses across River from Greene County side: 


Moisture Vol. Matter 

Fixed Carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

Phosphorus 

Core hole at East Riverside, Fay¬ 
ette Co. 

2 Samples, 1 mile north of East 

. 87 

33.59 

57.34 

8.20 

1.76 


Riverside on Jacobs’ Property. . 

.87 

30.36 

57.62 

10.03 

1.12 Trace only 

2 Samples, Gates mine, American 







Steel & Wire Co.1 

.12 

31.36 

60.12 

6.30 

1.08 

.002 

/ 

.81 

28.45 

62.93 

7.03 

.776 

.008 

/ 


34.575 

55.11 

10.515 

.66 

.005 



35.205 

56.97 

7.852 

.81 

.009 

l 

.97 

34.02 

56.72 

8.29 

1.08 

.006 

Samples from 5 to 16 inclusive. ^ 


33.00 

57.30 

9.70 

.60 

.018 

From core holes located on / 


35.75 

56.39 

7.09 

.77 

.013 

Vernon Heirs, YanKirk and \ 

.98 

.82 

36.73 

55.30 

7.97 

1.03 

.008 

Ilenshaw properties. J 

32.68 

35.25 

55.50 

56.56 

10.06 

7.35 

.60 

.78 

.007 

.007 

I 

.29 

34.53 

54.64 

10.54 

. 673 

.011 

I 

.53 

35.19 

56.95 

17.33 

. 867 

.009 

\ 

.43 

35.87 

54.89 

8.81 

1.029 

.011 

\ 

.65 

34.65 

55.86 

8.84 

1.20 

.001 

Fulton’s table shows chemical 

composition of coal: 




Moisture 

Volatile Matter 

Fixed Carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 


Pittsburgh, 1.28 


38.10 

54.39 

5.44 

.79 


Connellsville, 1.25 


31.79 

59.80 

7.16 

.60 


Below is Fulton’s Analyses of Stain 

lard Appalachian Coking 

Coal: 



Moisture 

Volatile Matter 

Fixed Carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 


Pennsylvania, 







Bennington, 1.73 


23.89 

67.03 

6.69 

.66 


Connellsville, 1.26 

West Virginia 


31.79 

59.79 

7.16 

.60 


Monongah, 1.52 


37.96 

53.27 

6.03 

1.22 


Pocahontas, . 69 


19.96 

73.02 

5.67 

.66 


Kentucky, 1.80 


32.34 

60.10 

5.10 

.66 


Tennessee, 1.50 


32.51 

59.33 

5.82 

.84 


Alabama, 1.65 


32.48 

60.15 

4.82 

.90 



Among Fulton’s axioms are: 

“It requires a hotter oven to secure the best results in coke when using broken coal than 
it does when using run-of-mine coal.’' 

“The coarser the coal, the heavier the coke, and the finer the coal, the lighter is its coke; 
the purer the coal, the lighter is the coke. This is self evident, as the impurities of the coal 
are mainly heavier than pure coal.” 

“These experiences are from the practice of coking in the Connellsville seam. Other 
regions will require special studies to secure the best results in coke produced. 

“Where impurities exist in the coal, it should have a preparation for coking by crushing 
and washing.” 


27 





PROPERTIES OF COKE 


Fulton says: ‘‘The main requirement is to determine the nature of the physical and chem¬ 
ical properties that are most desirable in coke for blast furnace use, and to meet as far as pos¬ 
sible these requirements in the manufacture of coke. These requirements in coke fuel are 
clearly defined under five distinct elements in its manufacture: Hardness of body; full de- 
veloped cell structure; Purity; Uniform quality of coke; and coherence in handling.” 

Hardness of Body. The best coke possesses a hardness of body of two or three per cent. 
By this is meant hardness of body of cell walls, not density, for dense cokes are usually soft 
or plunky; while hard bodied cokes are usually well developed of cellular structure. These 
two physical properties, hardness of body and full cell spaces, are correlated, just as softness 
of body and density are associated.” 

“The coal from which soft coke is made lacks the element that fuses and hardens and is 
therefore deficient in these prime essential qualities.” 

“In any type of oven maximum heat is required to produce the hardest bodied coke, but 
it is not conductive to the largest output of by-products.” 

“Coals best adapted for coke making will usually afford, in conjunction, ample cellular de¬ 
velopment and hardness of body. The value in full cell structure in coke will be readily ap¬ 
preciated when it is considered that such fuel presents the largest surface for oxidation in a 
blast furnace.” 


28 


FULTON’S TABLE EXHIBITING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COKE 


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RAILROADS 


There have been many proposed routes from the coking coal fields of Fayette to Wheeling, 
and many proposed routes along the various gravity lines of Greene and Washington County to 
the outside markets. They are in the main enumerated as follows: 

1st. From W heeling to Millsboro, via Majorsville up Enslow’s Fork, just north of the 
Greene County Line, via Sparta, Lindley s Mills, Hackney, Ten Mile Village, Zollarsville, 
Clarksville to Millsboro, down the Monongahela River, a distance of 0 miles, to Brownsville, 
then up the way of the Redstone Branch to Uniontown, a distance of 16.57 miles, plus 11.76 
miles by the way of Fayette County branch to Connellsville, making a total distance of 92.93 


miles. 

2nd. Wheeling by way of the P. C. & IV. down South Ten Mile Creek, via Waynesburg, 
Jefferson, Clarksville to Millsboro, the line would be 3.1 miles longer than Xo. 1. 

3rd. Wheeling to Waynesburg, via Morrisville, through Love’s .Will, down Muddy Creek 
to Khedive, cut through to Little Whitely, a distance from Wlieeling to the Monongahela River 
at that point, at McCann's Ferry, of only 58 miles, plus 11 miles to Uniontown, plus 11.76 
miles to Connellsville, making a distance of only 80.76 miles, or 12.17 miles less than either of 


the other routes. 

The Little Whitely route to Wheeling is ideal with the exception of at two points, one in 
the summit between Muddy and Ten Mile Creeks, known as Love’s Hill Summit, which shows 
a grade of about one per cent, for a distance of three miles, opposing light; the other is at the 
summit between Craysville and Enslow’s Fork, which shows a grade on the west side of 1.33 
opposing light. These elevations should be reduced by a heavier location than this survey 
showed. 

The railroad situation in Greene County is varied. Besides the above named routes, which 
could be built by the several different interests, and one of the most feasible lines that could be 
built through Greene County is the Xorth and South line, such as the road travelled by the W. 


& IV. (narrow gauge) railroad; the route north from Waynesburg, via Xinevah, Prosperity 
and Washington to Wabash line; then the northeastern lines, Waynesburg, via Jefferson, 
Clarksville to Millsboro, bridge the river and connect with the Monongahela River Railroad, 
gives both the P. & L. E. and the Pennsylvania the traffic. 


Another line, now under construction, running north from Zollarsville to Ellsworth 
Branch of the Monongahela Division of the P. R. R., leaving Ellsworth via east branch of 
Daniels Creek, while the Pan Handle branch of the P. R. R. lines west leaves at Van Em¬ 
mons Station and crosses B. & O. near Eighty-Four and comes down other branch of Daniels 
Creek connection at a point above Zollarsville. Also what is called the Eighty-Four Survey, which 
runs from Station by the same name on B. & O. about 7 miles east of Washington, Penna., 
through Lone Pine, Zollarsville, Ruff’s Creek, down Purnam Run to Waynesburg, and thence to 
Blacksville via Smith’s Creek. This could be built in connection with the projected cut off line 
from Confluence to Cameron. Flic* B. & O. has connected with Fairview a short distance 
from Blacksville, then from Fairmont it owns the line to Clarksburg, has control of the C. C. 
& S., which terminates in Sutton County, W T . Va. This would give connection with B. & O. at 
Charleston, and would give the B. & O. a direct line from that district to Pittsburgh. This 
could be secured by the construction of about 90 miles of road from Eighty-Four to Blacks¬ 
ville and the line would go through an excellent coal and timber territory, besides much other 
traffic such as stone, farm products, etc. A projection of the line south of Waynesburg up 
Smith’s Creek, via Blacksville to P>. & O. railroad, the B. & O. could enter by crossing the 
river at or near Point Marion, going up Dunkard Creek and tapping the territory by extend¬ 
ing branches up the various gravity lines entering this stream. With the exception of the 


31 


southwestern part of Greene County the entire county could be tapped or made a network of 
railroads because of the easy grades furnished, because of its water courses and by heavy grad¬ 
ing, as proposed by B. & 0. cut off through this district, even this territory could be developed. 

In case an independent interest, other than the Pennsylvania, project and build a line into 
Greene County the Pennsylvania railroad will undoubtedly re-survey and build along the nar¬ 
row gauge route; a widening of the narrow gauge will necessarily mean a straightening out and 
change of location. 

The Little Whitely route will undoubtedly tap better coal and more of it than any other 


line proposed. 

In a direct line this field of coal is only about forty miles from Pittsburgh; the State Line 
being less than fifty miles south of Pittsburgh. So when you consider the close proximity of 
Greene County and Washington County coal to the thousands of mills of Western Pennsylvania 
and Ohio; and when one observes the rapid production of coal, and the fast disappearance of 
coking coal lands from the market, it is to be wisely concluded that Greene and Washington 
County fields are the most available. 

Xote the transportation developments in Fayette County in the Coke field: The Baltimore 
& Ohio, the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie, Pittsburgh, Virginia & Charleston, the Monongahela River 
Railroad, and the Monongahela River, five in all. An East and West line from Uniontown to 
Wheeling, through the heart of Fayette and Greene Counties, would give, because of the nat¬ 
ural location of good coal, a healthy feeder to any railroad making the connection at the west¬ 
ern end. 

The ultimate outcome will be that all opposition arising from the coke manufacturing 
companies and from the railroad interests that have been arrayed against any new railroads 
through Greene County in near future, will be unavailing. This opposition cannot last long 
as Fayette County product will, in comparatively near future, be so diminished that its output 
of the manufactured articles will be sufficient to supply the legitimate demands of the market. 
They cannot wait until that time before developing the Greene County field. They would be ad¬ 
verse to the competition now, or when the possible makers of coke, in the much cheaper fields 
of Greene County, start to operate. A new railroad would mean exactly this condition. They 
do not want their market disturbed, which is now in such a delightful state of dividend pro¬ 
duction that they would do everything possible to prevent it, and still some far seeing railroad 
or financial interest will recognize the ultimate future and prepare at early date to seize the 
opportunity while the chance is to be had. 


INVADING NEUTRAL TERRITORY 


There has been a neutral zone south of Pittsburgh in eastern Greene and eastern Wash¬ 
ington Counties, but this zone has lately been tapped by the Pennsylvania building from a 
point on the Chartiers branch of the Pan Handle, and from the Ellsworth into Zollarsville, 
Clarksville, and connecting with the Monongahela Division up the west bank of the Mononga¬ 
hela River. The time is near at hand when there will be a new era in railroading in this here¬ 
tofore independent territory. The Pennsylvania, the Wabash and the Vanderbilt interests, 
together with the B. & O., are all likely to enter; at least it is a feasable proposition for each 
of the above named roads to enter this territory and get their shares of the great future pro¬ 
duct of this region. Several instances may be cited where lateness in action on account of rail¬ 
road interests have caused them to be excluded in a great way from their share of trade. 

The negotiations of the Vanderbilt interests for the Greene County Railroad line, also the 
interest shown by the Goulds in trying to get a foothold in Greene County, together with the 
definite results accomplished by the Pennsylvania building in the northeastern corner of the 
^ounP, all o i ^ 1. lat \ alue is placed upon Greene County coal fields. 


32 


TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES 


With the various railroads built and projected, we have the Monongahela River, with its 
free navigation, flowing into the Ohio, the Ohio into the Mississippi, and on to the Gulf. 
There is an ever increasing market in the territory through which these rivers flow. 

The American people should favor a more systematic and comprehensive policy toward 
river and harbor improvements, also toward American shipping. If the great value of our 
waterways was kept before the people and Congress urged to undertake and complete such 
projects as are worthy, make appropriations regularly and not irregularly and unsystematic¬ 
ally as in the past, then the true benefit of our waterways can be observed. This can easily 
be accomplished by building locks and dams and making a nine-foot stage in the Ohio at all 
seasons of the year from Pittsburgh to Cairo. The whole country would benefit by the in¬ 
vestment. It will enable our coal and iron products to reach other markets that railroad 
freight rates make prohibitive. If an amount equal to what we are spending on either our 
army or navy were available, we could have in this country a development of 30,000 or 
40,000 miles of inland waterways that would enable us to develop our natural resources. 


James J. Hill, the Atlas of the railroad world, president of the Great Northern railroad, 
has delivered himself of some striking bits of information anent the congestion of the trans¬ 
portation lines. Mr. Hill says: 

“Within ten years the railroad trackage of the country has only increased 21 per cent., 
locomotives 35%, and cars 45%, while the business to be done has increased 110 per cent. 
The inadequacy of terminal facilities in great commodities is also one of the causes of trouble.” 

President Hill further says that if only 25 per cent, additional trackage, with necessary 
terminals and equipment, making 33 per cent., is to be built during the next five years, or say 
in round numbers 75,000 miles of track, the cost would be $5,500,000,000, or $1,100,000,000 
a year. It is doubtful even if this would make the situation at the end of five years any 
different from what it is now, for the tonnage of the country is increasing at present at a 
more rapid rate than during the past decade. 

Magn ate Hill outlines two remedies for the congestion of traffic: 1. Traffic must be cen¬ 
tralized. It must be diverted from our large cities. Through traffic must have as direct rout¬ 
ing as possible and must be kept away from congested centers. 2. Our country’s waterways 
must be improved. Canal construction and river deepening would give aid to the transporta¬ 
tion lines. President Hill is speaking especially for his own section and says: “A 15-foot 
canal or channel from St. Louis to New Orleans would go farther to relieve the entire Mid- 
dlewest and Southwest than any other work that could be undertaken. With such a depth of 
water a single powerful boat would carry from 30 to 40 trainloads.” 

Coal from Pittsburgh district is carried 2,000 miles to New Orleans for about 70 cents per 
ton. Coal on Lake is carried 900 miles at 30 cents per ton. The distance from Erie to Duluth 
is 917 miles; Cleveland to Duluth is 834 miles; Buffalo to Duluth is 985 miles. 

Increased railroad development means increased demand for iron and steel and likewise a 
wider market for coke. 


33 


CM AFGE For LOCAL DELIVERY PiTTSSUffCc 0< strict. 


10 - mills 


FROM PIT755URg| District To 

v5-S Mills 



Fairmont oistr 


PITTS5UF6 H2Q DISTRICT LAKE 

«S~5MfLLS 

F\AILROAD rHEIQHrCHARGEt) 
[CttoLAKF to 

o©0 M/lls tH£L C/Yj^AT LAST£5 

Oom/)or<zcZ ms///? 

HOGKi(\iG DIvStricI to lake 

v 3 . 6 £/^* OZ/?<zr Coo/ O/d/r/c/o S///y>/nj 




IVA/VHA Dt^TRIpr To lake 

■ I 3-/3 M'LLS 


THACKEA DI-STF;ict To LAKE 


\u 

J 

i 

1 o)ig Sandy ^ 

o 
h 

t 
< la 
(L 

l/> 
-J 


NEW FIVER if 

■■■ I? 


Pocahontas 



IT 


2-Go Mills 


£.37 MILLS 


7b 77 A<z- A&4& Cro/yf 


Co/77jbor/^o/7iS or<z o/otosy 
"7 A////sjter /on fcz r / 77 //e 


REPRESENTS 


One Hill pEf\ Ton pe^ Mile 



2. ALG wills 


2 bo ni^Ls 





























A STUDY OF THE SITUATION SHOWS 


That the Pittsburgh Coal Field is located at and nearest the largest fuel consumption in the 
world, giving it a corresponding value. 

An analysis of the present freight rates indicates that an adjustment is imperative in order 
that the coal rates may be reasonable and equitable. 

An adjustment of equal rates per ton per mile will add great value to every acre of Pitts¬ 
burgh Coal. 


The Following Is 
A LIST OF FREIGHT RATES 
Now Obtained from the Different Coal Districts 
TO NEAREST LAKE PORTS 
For Lake Shipments 


WHAT THE RATES NOW ARE 

Showing the wide difference between 
Districts and unreasonable rates charged 
the Pittsburgh District. 


WHAT THE RATES SHOULD BE 

Z- l /z mills per ton per mile is 
used as a base and multiplied into 
average distance. 


Coal 

District 

Average 

Distance 

Present Frt. 
rate f. o. b. 
Lake front 

Rate mills 
per ton per 
Mile charged 

Delivered rate per ton Q 3- 
mills per ton per mile 

Pittsburgh, 

160 

mi. 

$0.88 

5.50 

$0.56 

per 

ton. 

Pgh. No. 8, 

150 

C i 

.83 

5.5 

52.5 

a 

U 

Fairmont, 

250 

u 

.97 

3.88 

.875 

u 

a 

Hocking, 

220 

u 

.85 

3.86 

.77 

u 

a 

Kanawha, 

310 

ii 

.97 

3.13 

1.085 

u 

cc 

Thacker, 

380 

u 

.97 

2.60 

1.33 

u 

u 

Big Sandy, 

410 

u 

.97 

2.37 

1.43 

u 

u 

Pocahontas, 

4:5 0 

u 

1.12 

2.46 

1.5925 

u 

u 

New River, 

490 

u 

1.12 

2.30 

1.71 

u 

a 


Freight Rates to Chicago from Eastern Coal Fields, Showing Distances, Rate 
Per Ton Delivered, Rate Per Ton Per Mile 


What the frt. Rate 


District 

Distance 

Miles 

Present 
Freight Rate 

Rate Mills Per 
Ton Per Mile 
Charged 

would be based on 
3-1/2 mills per ton 
per mile multiplied 
into ihe average 
distance 

Present Overcharge 
or Undercharge 

Pittsburgh, 

490 

$1.90 

3.88 

$1,715 

Overcharge 18 l/2c ton, or 
$1850 per acre. 

Fairmont, 

529 

1.90 

3.592 

1.85 

Overcharge 5c per ton, or 
$500 per acre. 

Kanawha, 

532 

1.90 

3.572 

1.86 

Overcharge 4c per ton. 

Thacker, 

572 

1.90 

3.222 

2.00 

Undercharge 10c per ton. 

New River, 

585 

2.05 

3.50 

2.05 

Correct charge @3 1/2 mills. 

Pocahontas, 

646 

2.05 

3.173 

2.26 

Undercharge 36c per ton. 


35 


From the foregoing Statement and Analyses of existing Freight Rates, several facts aie 
obvious: 

That local rates in the Pittsburgh District, including the Shenango and Mahoning "\ alleys, 
are based on 8 to 10 mills per ton per mile. 

That R. R. Lake Freight Rates, per ton per mile, from the Pittsburgh District are now 
50% greater than from the Fairmount District and are from 90l% to 100% greater, based 
on distance hauled and service rendered, than from the Kanawha, 4 hacker, Big Sandy, New 
River and Pocahontas Districts. 

That either the management of Railroads hauling the coal from the latter coal fields are los- 
ing money on the traffic and in that manner dissipating the money of their stockholders or that 
the Railroads entering the Pittsburgh District are taking from the owners of Pittsburgh coal 
lands at least 30c per ton or from $2,000 to $3,000 per acre. It is common knowledge that 
hauls of over 100 miles on coal traffic give dividends to Railroad stockholders when the charge 
is not in excess of 3i/o mills per ton per mile. 

The average round trip distance from the Pittsburgh District to the Lakes is 320 miles. 
A return ore haul is provided—the total revenue being approximately $1.75 for the round 
trip of 320 miles. 

The round trip from the Fairmont field is 500 miles—the revenue being for a large por¬ 
tion of the traffic 97c for 500 miles haul on account of cars returning empty. 

The round trip from the other fields is;—Hocking 4-10 miles, Kanawha G20 miles, Thack¬ 
er 700 miles, Big Sandy 820 miles, Pocahontas 910 miles and New River 980 miles. The 
revenue for a good portion of this traffic, on account of empty return hauls, is 85c., 97c., 97c., 
97c., $1.12, $1.12 and $1.12, respectively. 

It is clear that rates must decrease on Pittsburgh coal to the Lake, the demand for which 
is enormous and now growing at the rate of 20% annually. The re-adjustment of freight rates 
is imperative and will add at least 10c. to 20c per ton, or from $1000 to $2000 per acre to the 
present values. 

Whether the increased iron and steel products are manufactured in the Pittsburgh Dis¬ 
trict or on the Lake front at any point on the Great Lakes, the fuel used will be largely Pitts¬ 
burgh coal. 

Coal for By-product Coke can at the present freight rates be placed at the point of manu¬ 
facture at the following transportation cost: 


R. R. freight rate to Lake front. 88c. 

Vessel loading; charge. 7c. 


Lake freight rate (owner’s boats). 30c 

Cost of modern unloading. 10c. 


Total transportation cost, 


$1.35 per ton. 


The transportation cost of Southern coking coals at present R. R. freight rates all rail 
delivery to the following points is, 



to Chicago 

to Detroit 

Fairmont. 

.$1.90 

$1.40 

Kanawha . 

. 1.90 

1.40 

Thacker . 

. 1.90 

1.40 

Big Sandy. 

. 1.90 

1.40 

New River . . . . 

. 2.05 

1.60 

Pocahontas . . . . 

. 2.05 

1.60 


The transportation cost of laying down the Pittsburgh District coal with a freight rate ( in 
proportion to distance and service rendered) by water delivery to any point on the Great Lakes 
will be as follows: R. R. freight rate based on 314 mills per ton per mile: 

36 













Railroad freight rate to Lake point 

56c 

to 

65c 

Cost of loading vessel. 

5c 

to 

7c 

Lake freight (owner’s boats) .... 

30c 

to 

30c 

Cost of modern unloading. 

10c 

to 

10c 



to - 



$1.01 to $1.12 


The difference in favor of Pittsburgh District coal for any point on Lake Michigan or 
Lake Superior against other coal suitable for by-product coke on present freight rates amounts to 
55c per ton, or $5,500 per acre in favor of Pittsburgh District Coal as against an all rail haul 
for competitive coal. With the adjustment of Pailroad freight rates, which is not very far dis¬ 
tant, the Pittsburgh District would have an advantage by Lake route of approximately 75c per 
ton, or $7,500 over all rail coal from the Kanawha, Thacker and Big Sandy Districts to Chi¬ 
cago and vicinity, and an advantage of $4,000 per acre over Kanawha, $7,500 per acre over the 
Big Sandy or Thacker Districts, and from 85c to $1.00 per ton, or $8,500 to $10,000 per acre 
over the Pocahontas or Kew River Districts if all the latter districts competed by the water 
route—each district paying the same rate per ton per mile to the Lake front. 

Any advantage the latter coals might have in possessing higher percentage of fixed carbon 
and thereby increasing the coke yield slightly, would be small compared with this vast advantage 
of position possessed by the Pittsburgh Coal Field. 

It is apparent that the Pittsburgh Coal Field has not yet attained its maximum value. That 
this value must increase rapidly, is certain, not only on account of the enormous home consump¬ 
tion, but also on account of the large increase in the iron industry along the Great Lakes. With 
readjustment of freight rates doubling the value of Pittsburg coal, as the railroads fit the 
freight rates to the service performed (and it is safe to assume that this latter advantage is not 
far distant), Pittsburgh Coal values will increase at very rapid rates. 


37 







The Coke Industry in South Western Pennsylvania, given in letter written by 
Fred C. Keighley, Gen'l Supt. of Oliver & Snyder Steel Co. and 
President of Coal Mining Institute of America. Mr. 

Keighley is one of the highest authorities 
on coal mining and coke making 
in the United States. 


Oliver, Pa., August 12th, 1907. 

Mr. John W. Boileau, 

Park Building, 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Dear Sir: 

lu answer to your letter of August 10th in which you ask for an expres¬ 
sion of my opinion relative to the future of the Coke Industry of Southwest 
Pennsylvania and probable line of new development. 

The future of the Coke Industry never appeared brighter than at this time. 

Blast Furnaces (over 50) are springing up all over the steel manufactur¬ 
ing sections of this Country and the Coke plants now making coke of the neces¬ 
sary quality find that their full output is greedily devoured by the Blast Fur¬ 
naces already in operation, so that more development is imperative in the Cok¬ 
ing Coal Fields, and this is not all, for other uses are being found almost daily 
not only for high grade coke but inferior grades as well. Prices for coke will 
certainly not only keep up but advance considerably in the near future, espe¬ 
cially for the better grades such as the Connellsville and Klondike Cokes. This 
advance in prices for coke is not altogether caused by the present requirements 
of the Steel Industry. There are additional reasons. The areas of high grade 
coking coal are quite limited and such coal now available lies at considerable 
depth. The prices for coal lands of all descriptions, especially coking coals, 
are advancing rapidly. New railroads have to be built into the undeveloped sec¬ 
tions and this with increased depths of shaft sinking makes it very doubtful in¬ 
deed whether it is possible to develop coke operations fast enough to keep pace 
with the constantly expanding requirements of the Steel and Metallurgical in¬ 
dustries of this Country. 

A few years ago when drift and out cropping coal was available it was 
possible to develop a coke operation in a year’s time or less and get its output 
to full capacity if it was a moderate sized plant. At this day things are vastly 
different as the time of small plants is about over. Bailroads have to be ex¬ 
tended and deeper sinkings to be made, consequently larger operations are neces¬ 
sary so that three or four years instead of one year are required to bring a mod¬ 
ern coke operation up to its full capacity. 


38 



A Blast Furnace can and has been erected and put in operation in one 
year or less. Blast furnaces are actually being built to-day without an assured 
source of their coke requirements being in sight. 

As to the probable line of new developments in the Coke Industry 1 feel 
that I can confidently state that it will certainly be to the Southwest of the 
present Connellsville and Klondike operations. The line of all expansion, ma¬ 
terial, industrial and otherwise is invariably in the direction of the line of least 
resistance, therefore the natural, rational, and logical trend of Coke manufac¬ 
turing development and construction will follow where the entering wedges as it 
were have already been driven and that is to the South and West of the Con- 
nellsville and Klondike fields, thus naturally following the lines of success 
achieved in those fields. 

Years ago Horace Greely said, “Go West, young man, go West.” The en¬ 
terprising coke manufacturer of to-day does not wait to be told to “go South¬ 
west,” for his advance guard is already there busily engaged in setting up 
stakes for the operations of the immediate future. 

As to your further questions, viz.: Does the Connellsville seam continue 
to bear its coking capabilities and characteristics as it trends to and enters the 
Counties of Washington and Greene? There is but one answer to this. It 
does. It will undoubtedly make coke. What will the quality be? It will be 
good, bad and indifferent just as it is in the Klondike field and just as it is in 
the Connellsville field. Quality is entirely dependent on local conditions and 
treatment and these factors are not corralled or bounded by County lines, 
neither is it likely that Fayette and Westmoreland have a complete monopoly 
of the factors entering into the manufacturing of high grade coke. 

Both Washington and Greene Counties possess areas of low sulphur cok¬ 
ing coal and they also possess high sulphur coals, but there will be a market 
and field for all. 

The man that knows his business will know T where to select his coal and 
find the ways and the means of not only reaching the deposits of low T sulphur 
coal, but will adapt himself to the varying conditions found in all coal fields. 

As to the cry that high sulphur has been found by the diamond drill in 
some localities to the Southwest it is but natural that much ado should be made 
by the pessimists, especially when people are apt to reason upon false premises 
and are ignorant on certain lines. 

As a matter of fact, the diamond drill when used in testing soft coal in¬ 
variably gives higher sulphur indications than the seam bears for the reason 
that the richer and purer coal is generally the softer portion of the seams, and 
as the drill penetrates it much of the purest coal is carried off as float by the 
water used in manipulating the drill, leaving behind in the core barrel the 
sulphur and slate, making the percentage of these elements appeal highei than 
they really are. 

It is easy to see that the high sulphur coals will be found first in any new 
field for the reason that the anticlinals throw the coal nearest the surface where 
it is the most readily found and more easily reached than it could possibly be 


39 


reached in the Synclines. The anticlinals generally carry the most sulphur and 
the synclinals the least and as there are two anticlinal flanks to every synclinal 
there would naturally be twice as many chances for the high sulphur areas be¬ 
ing first found. Again, much stress is laid upon the proved Geological fact that 
the sulphur constituents of coal increase from East to A est, but this is mis¬ 
leading to the uninitiated. 

The coal basins of Southwest Pennsylvania run in a Southwesterly direc¬ 
tion and the sulphur lines undoubtedly follow the same general course, there¬ 
fore the coal fields of Greene County while further A 7 est geographically are 
not so far A 7 est when Geologically considered, consequently are not beyond the 
low sulphur zone. The writer feels confident that at least one low sulphur belt 
traverses the whole County of Greene from Northeast to Southwest. As to the 
width of this belt (it may be miles) nothing but actual working will determine 
it. It will not follow straight lines, but the general course will parallel the line 
of the center of disturbing influences. 

I am greaty pleased to have the opportunity to scan your volume on “The 
Coals of Southwest Pennsylvania” and congratulate you on the vast amount 
of information you have so ablv gotten together. You certainly merit success 
and deserve the appreciation I have no doubt the readers of your volume will 
express. Like the Grand Old Alleghenies you are pointing to the great South¬ 
west and you know and I know that the line of progression must follow the 
ways chosen by nature. The railroads have scaled the mountains and often 
neglected the valleys, but after long years of persistent refusal to follow the 
lines of least resistance they are beginning to realize that scaling stone walls is 
an unprofitable pastime even for Railroad Magnates to indulge in. 

Very truly yours, 

Fred C. Keighley, 


40 


THE CONNELLSVILLE COKE SUPPLY 
Written by L. W. Fogg 
In Iron Age 


"The tremendous development of the iron and steel industries of the United States has 
been the cause of similar development in the coal and coke business of the country. In read¬ 
ing the very interesting article of Edward W. Parker in The Iron Age of February 7, one is 
at first amazed at the enormous resources that the 1 nited States contains in coal areas and the 
great wealth that lies undeveloped in the earth. What the relative values of these undevel¬ 
oped coal deposits are, in comparison with those already developed, especially for the manu¬ 
facture of coke, is the question which is now interesting coke manufacturers. The great drain 
on the coal fields of Fayette and W T estmoreland counties in Pennsylvania (which, as Mr. 
Parker says, form a class of their own), that have been producing approximately 50 per cent, 
of the coke manufactured in the United States, is being felt to such an extent that the re¬ 
maining life in the old field is a pressing consideration. This article deals only with the coal 
areas and coke production in these two counties. 


THE PITTSBURGH COAL SEAM AND ITS LOCAL NAMES 

Connellsville, Lower Connellsville and Upper Connellsville are local names applied to the 
Pittsburgh seam of coal. 

The Pittsburgh seam is one of the most persistent geological formations known. Confined 
within the limits of the outcrop lines it is sure to be in its place as the soil which covers 
the earth. Lying in regular folds of slight grades, regular in thickness and purity, it presents 
the most economical conditions for the miner, conditions which are not met in any other seam. 
When the coal was formed it lay in one continuous coal blanket, but after the lifting of the 
earth’s surface an erosion took place leaving a barren measure in the Pittsburgh seam, extending 
from 400 to 500 ft. to 2Vi 3 miles in width. Lying to the east and north of this barren meas¬ 
ure is the Connellsville coal, extending from the West Yirginia-Pennsylvania State line north¬ 
ward through Greene, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. The Upper Connellsville coal is 
that part of this seam which lies north of the Loyalhanna River and the Pennsylvania Rail¬ 
road. The Lower Connellsville consists of that part of the Pittsburg seam lying in the south¬ 
western part of Fayette County, south of Redstone Creek and west of the Connellsville out¬ 
crop. 

These three subdivisions have their characteristics in their product. The Connellsville is 
softer coal and produces slightly larger coke than either of the other two, while the Lower 
Connellsville averages less in phosphorus and slightly more in ash than the Connellsville. 


THE GREAT IMPORTANCE OF CONNELLSVILLE COKE 

Connellsville coke, the product from these two counties, is standard. It has been one of the 
factors which has made Pittsburgh what it is. It has produced for the furnace man the best 
results in the manufacture of pig iron, and he is loth to accept a different product. Its worth 
is further shown in the increase in the value of coal lands during the past ten years of from 
$300 per acre to $3,000 per acre. An average price during the last year has been approxi- 
matelv $1,700 per acre. It has made the land owner independent, fortunes have been made 
by investors and the operator who understands his business and has built on scientific prin¬ 
ciples has never failed to pay a good and sufficient dividend. It is a significant fact that there 


41 


has not been an insolvency nor forced liquidation in the coke business of Fayette County in 
the past 34 years, or since the panic of 1873. 

These reasons, together with its proximity to Pittsburgh, Shenango and Mahoning districts 
and its excellent railroad facilities, are the most important causes, for the demand for Con- 
nellsville coke. 

Ten years ago the predictions were made by well informed operators in the Connellsville 
region that the coal from the Lower Connellsville fields would never produce a quality of 
coke acceptable to the trade; that the Pittsburgh seam outside of the Connellsville District 
proper was only a steam coal proposition, and as a coking proposition it would never take 
the place of standard Connellsville. How far this judgment has erred is evident from the 
following figures: 

GROWTH OF THE LOWER CONNELLSVILLE OUTPUT 

Connellsville coke in 1901 constituted 47 per cent, of the entire coke manufactured in 
the United States. In 1905 it was 35 per cent. Lower Connellsville produced 5 per cent, of 
the entire output in 1901, and in 1905 it made 12 per cent. Lower Connellsville increased 
its output 246 per cent, between the years 1901 and 1905. To-day 95 per cent, of the Lower 
Connellsville coal lands is in the hands of operators, and the price of such lands has advanced 
in the last five years from $300 to $2,000 per acre. The total original acreage of coal in the 
Lower Connellsville field is approximately 61,658 acres, and that of the Connellsville field 
proper 88,576 acres. How much coal is left and how long it is going to last are the interesting 
questions. Mr. Parker states that the increase in output is 50 per cent, in five years. It is 
probably a fact that the increase between 1902 and 1907 has been greater than that given. 

It is evident that Connellsville coke is each year losing its percentage relative to the total 
amount produced in the country, as in 1901 it was 47 per cent, and in 1905 it was 35 per cent. 
The output of Connellsville coke cannot be increased as fast as the demand, for there are no 
further tracts that can be developed. Tt is probable that in five years it will have reached its 
maximum output, and thereafter the supply will steadily and rapidly decline and coking plants 
go out of commission, and in 30 years the Connellsville field will be practically exhausted. 
The Lower Connellsville field, which only began to make coke seven years ago, will reach its 
maximum development about 1916, and thereafter the supply will rapidly decline, and plants 
with 20 and 30 years’ life will from time to time drop out, so that in 40 years it will com¬ 
plete the exhaustion and Fayette County will have finished its coking industries from the Pitts¬ 
burgh seam. 

O 


THE GREENE COUNTY FIELD AVAILABLE 


It would be a serious matter to Pennsylvania and Ohio furnace interests if they should 
be obliged to look elsewhere than this immediate district for their supply of coke, but we know 
that lying west of Fayette County, in Greene County, there is waiting at least 160,000 acres 
of coking coal. Some time before the Lower Connellsville coke has reached its maximum out¬ 
put Greene County coke will be in the market, and the history of this development will be as 
the Lower Connellsville has been. Its development will go forward rapidly for, with the ex¬ 
haustion of the older fields, this new field must make up the deficiency. 

In reviewing the coking industry one comes to the conclusion that probably the best and 
cheapest coal was mined first, but tlieie was also more waste m mining and carelessness in 
manufacturing coke. By improving the operation and manufacturing of coke we have pro¬ 
duced and will continue to pioduce equally as good results from coal m the Pittsburgh seam 
lying west of the Connellsville basin.” 


Mr. Fogg Is General Manager and Constructing Engineer of the Tower-Hill Connellsville Coke Co TTninntrmn 
known. He has been identified with the larger interests and important work in the poking er>ai anrt 1S we J 

coal authority on coking matters. He has constructed a large number of the Important cok 1 ng plants In the coking ^gions!" CXP 

42 



EASTERN GREENE AND EASTERN WASHINGTON COAL PURCHASES AND 

DEVELOPMENTS 


During the first six months of the year 1907 there has been a notable trend toward Greene 

o %j 

County Coking Field, as shown by the following: 

The Bessemer Coke Company has a plant ready to put in blast as soon as railroad con¬ 
nections are made from a point near Zollarsville to the Monongahela Division of the Penn¬ 
sylvania R. R. 

The Dilworth Coal Company is establishing a coke plant on its holdings near the mouth 
of Ten Mile Creek in Greene County. It proposes to erect two hundred ovens. 

The Pittsburgh-Buffalo Company, which owns 16,000 acres, intends erecting one of the 
largest coking plants in the United States near Zollarsville. 

On Muddy Creek, the Andrew-lTitchcock Iron <k Steel Company, the Youngstown Sheet 
& Tube Company, and the Gillmore Coke Company all intend opening up operations. 

The Osborne and Patterson interests will undoubtedly develop their property when the 
broad gauge line touches their coal. 

The Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Company has recently purchased more than twelve 
thousand acres in the Southern part of Washington County near Ten Mile Village. It will reach 
markets on the line built from Van Emmons Station on Chartiers Valley Road, down Big Dan¬ 
iels Creek, to a point near Zollarsville; also via Amity. 

Coal and coke tests in these tracts show excellent results. 

At the Ellsworth operations there are six hundred coke ovens, and many more are under 
construction. At the present time they are producing sixteen to twenty thousand tons of high 
grade coke per month. Their coal production is about seven thousand tons daily from the three 
operations. 


48 



f-0. 7 „. 'A„/ 



BUFFALO, 

92 + f 

CHICAGO, 
M I LWA U K f 


BRANCH 

PITTSBURC 



ACL QUOTATIONS, ORDERS. CONTRACTS AND 
SALES ARE SUBJECT TO CAR SUPPLY, STRIKES. 
ACCIDENTS AND CAUSES BEYOND OUR 
CONTROL. 


fi// ts/t/y. // /*//.>* 
'?//t //■ /ssi///r ■ tr- 


Hr. John W. Boiloau, 


Pittsburgh, Pa. 


My dear Mr. Boileau,- 


In reply to your letter of July 28th, in reference 


to our Greene County coal holdings, wish to advise that we 
have drilled several holes on same and find the analysis of 
the entire tract very satisfactory; and by comparison with 
other coking coals, we consider it a first-class coking pro¬ 
position in every respect. 


We arc great believers in the futur-e and merit of 


Greene County coal, as we were among the very first that took 
up any coal in this locality. 


We have not changed our minds one particle, and in 


fact we think better of it today, as our investigation has 
proven favorable beyond our expectations. 

Wc expect to open up in the near future some coking 
propositions on our acreage. 

Verj ‘ " 



44 









John H.Jonks, 

I’he*)iuj;nt . 


PlTTSJH’IMi-HrFFAM> (’<)AI1*AXY. 

tijTjkWhl 

I’lTTSinrm;, liv. July 27 , 1907 . 


T'r. John W. Boileau, 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Pear Sir: 

In reply to your letter of July 26th, beg to say in 
reference to the 16,000 acres of coal owned by our Company in 
"Washington and Oreeno Counties that we have drilled between 
30 and 40 holes over the entire tract and had analyses of same 
made, which analyses show this coal to be a first-class coking 
coal in every respect. 

iVe will have our first shaft completed within the next 
two or three weeks, and if you care to make any additional an¬ 
alysis of this coal at that time, yon are at liberty to do so. 

Te propose to put in the largest coking plant in the world on 
thi3 property as soon as we have made a thorough test and dem¬ 
onstrated the physical structure of the coke. 

Very respectfully yours. 


V / . , 


7 


' jW ' x ' - £ > 


JHJ ?. 


45 


PITTSBURGH - WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 

FUI.TON BUILDTOG, 

PITTSBURGH, PA. 

August 10 th 190 7. 

John W. Boiieau, Esq., 

Park Building, Pittsburgh, Penna. 

Dear Sir:- 

Our Company has been carefully testing the Pittsburgh 
seam of coal in Washington County lying between the Pin Hook and 
Waynesburg anticllnals for the last four years. I refer particu¬ 
larly to the coal land owned by our Company, which lies to the west 
of the Jones &. Laughlin coal lands and to our lands which are con¬ 
tiguous to the Lackawanna Steel Company coking coal lands on both 
the north side and the south side. 

This coal we have coked repeatedl y, and have found that 
without exception it has produced a coke under one per cent, in sul¬ 
phur, with cell structure and burden bearing qualities equal to the 
standard coke of the Connellsville Distriot. 

In addition to the info motion, which we have secured through 
our own efforts, we learn that the steel companies, which are making 
coke out of the adjoining landB, have secured similar results by 
operating on a large scale. 



40 



1 



//' / //,/ /„ , ,/. Vrrr '/h-x/f/rtl/. 



ALL SALtS SUBJECT TO STRIKES OR ACCIDENTS 



Mr. John w. Hoilean 


Pittsburgh, Pa. 


Dear Sir:- 


Mr. J. V. Thompson of tJniontown, Pa., asked 


m* 3 to write yon what I thought of the coal lands we fought 
ir. Greer.e bounty. 

The Youngstown Sheet A Tube company and ourselves drilled 
and tested what would °'runl el cut so,000 acres of coal land 
in Greene County during a vear ago last summer and a year 
ago last win'er. Prom what, we could learn about, it, we 
believe the coal in Greene County just as good as the coal 
in the Klondike, After going Over it thoroughly we picked 
our territory on the south branch of Little ruddy Cre^k, 

rhe coal seems to be very regular where we did our 
drilling, and the analysis of the coal will average just about 
the same as the Klondike coal. 


Yours truly. 


THP ANDREWS A- HITCHCOCK IRON COMPANY 



47 


COKING COAL—WASHINGTON AND GREENE COUNTIES 


For several years it was the general opinion that the coal in the Klondike field would not 
make good coke. The present operations and results to-day show how absurd that belief wa.'-'. 
With hut few exceptions Fayette County coal fields are in the hands of large non and steel 
interests, and little remains in the hands of the farmers as previously owned. 

The next field that is advantageously located and that is known to he available foi coke 
making is eastern Greene and southeastern Washington ( ounties. It can be easilv pi oven 
that this is the greatest and most valuable undeveloped coking field in America. It is par¬ 
tially developed in the northern portion, and examinations and drillings throughout have been 
made and proves its great worth and merit. 

The following interests have purchased and are operating and developing this terri¬ 
tory: Jones & Laughlin Steel Company; Pittsburg & Buffalo Company; lint Bessemer Coke 
Company; the Clyde Coal Company; the Lackawanna Steel Company, and others; besides 
these, the Osborne and Patterson interests; Mr. J. V. Thompson; Pittsburgh-Westmore¬ 
land ; Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company ; IT. C. Frick Coke Company, and others have 
made examinations and developments and have satisfied themselves with the quality of coal 
they have secured. 

To show how largely some of these interests have purchased, the following is given: In 
the eastern part of Washington County the United States Steel Corporation have several thou¬ 
sand acres of coal; this is mainly in the gas and steam coal belt. In the southeastern quarter 
of the county the Lackawanna Steel Company has holdings of almost 20,000 acres. 
This is the property transferred early this year by the J. W. Ellsworth interests. East of 
these holdings is the large acreage of the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal k Coke Com¬ 
pany. Directly south are the holdings of Jones & Laughlin, aggregating many thousand acres. 
To the west and adjoining the last named interests, the Pittsburgh & Buffalo Company has 
16,000 acres or more, a small portion of which extends into northeastern Greene County. 

The entire northeastern quarter of Greene County is owned mainly bv J. V. Thompson 
and associates. F. M. Osborne interests and the Bessemer Coke Company have holdings along 
North Ten Mile Creek. The eastern central and southeastern Greene County from Waynes- 
burg east is owned and controlled mainly by Uniontown interests, at the head of which is Mr. 
J. V. Thompson of Uniontown with his successful experience in coking coal. With the pres¬ 
ence of the Steel interests enumerated above, and prominent coal operators such as John H. 
Jones, Frank M. Osborne, John G. Patterson and others; with the advent of the many promi¬ 
nent interests named above in the field, with an acreage aggregating many thousands, properly 
located coal in eastern Greene County, should serve others desiring similar product just as well. 

I he reason for this being the greatest undeveloped coking coal field in America is because 
of its geological, economical and commercial merits. Geologically we have a persistent bed of 
the Pittsburgh or River seam. As to the other end of it, it is nearer to Pittsburgh, the centre 
of the manufacture of iron and steel. Pittsburgh is secure from this standpoint, and is al¬ 
ways destined to keep a most conspicuous place in the manufacture of the above named prod¬ 
ucts. "The district has great natural advantages which cannot he overcome. With both rail 
and water, and while we are handicapped by the lack of sufficient transportation facilities, in 
the advent of the railroads having good car service our tonnage would be much greater. Our 
trade is steadily expanding and the railroads must afford Pittsburgh better transportation ac¬ 
commodations than this, in making improvements, by which we again doubly profit. 

1 here is something very luring in a gold mine however uncertain its outcome may be, but 
when we note the statistics prepared by the Geological Survey showing the value, by States, 
of the mineral products of the country, we find that Pennsylvania produces six to ten times 


48 


the value what either Colorado, California or Montana yields. All of which makes us feel that 
we should not lose sight of our coal fields in this State. It would seem much better to buy 
gas, steam and fuel coal, and especially coking coal at prevailing prices, than to purchase in¬ 
terests in the many mining camps of the West, with their uncertain outcome. 

Remaining coal acreage of good quality and location will continue increasing in value and 
prices of to-day will look cheap 10 years from now. 


INCREASE IN VALUE OF COAL LANDS 

The Connellsville coal field may be said to have come into prominence during the late 
Seventies. The demand for the coke of the district was active in the Centennial year, 1870, 
increased to 1878-79 when the prices of coke reached $5 to $6 per ton. 

During the year 1879-80 large tracts of coal lands were purchased and the development of 
mines, and the erection of coke ovens was begun on a scale which surpassed all former at¬ 
tempts toward coke production. 

The advance in the prices of coal lands was not exceptionally rapid, owing perhaps to the 
prevailing belief that valuable coking coals were not found south of Uniontown, Penna., or 
Mt. Pleasant, Penna., as the northern boundary of the limited field. 

In 1885 large areas of Connellsville district coal lands were available for purchase at 
prices ranging from $50 to $100 per acre. 1890 to 1895 prices mounted up to $600 and 
$700 per acre. A belief was current that these prices were too high and would be lowered, 
but these coal lands at present command $2,000 to $2,500 per acre, and will continue to ad¬ 
vance beyond these figures, enormous though they appear. 

A very small proportion of the lands were bought and sold speculatively. Usually the 
farmer who owned and tilled the lands containing coal became the beneficiary of the advance 
in price, and with it passed from comfort to wealth. 

Other coal districts have been benefited in prices in like manner. In 1897 the average 
price of coal lands in eastern Washington and eastern Greene Counties, Penna., was less than 
$30 per acre—coal along the Monongahela river $100.00. 

In the Fairmont, West Virginia, mining district Pittsburgh seam coal during the same 
period of time has advanced from $50 and $75 to $300 and $400 per acre for coal. 

Manv other instances can be recited, but all may be summed up in the brief statement, 
“that coal lands offer the best and safest investments, being protected from the ravages 
of fire and flood, and constantly increasing in value at rates beyond the earning powers of most 
corporate bodies, and without any of their speculative risks. 

Hon. E. H. Gary, in an interview, stated: 

“We have 60,000 acres of coking coal lands in Pennsylvania and are paying $2,000 an 
acre for all that is offered us. A reasonable valuation of our coal land, therefore, is $120,- 
000,000. The coke ovens and equipment are worth $100,000,000 more.” 


INCREASED VALUE OF COAL LANDS 

Well located tracts of coal will not depreciate in value. Coal is by far the main factor 
in the industries of this country. Demand grows; production increases; fields are becoming 
depleted rapidly and cannot be replaced. It is a well known fact that in the coal areas al- 
readv mined over in the Connellsville region, a great amount of coal was lost. 

Coal is consumed; its energy is gone; not like iron and many other minerals converted 
into permanent form and frequently used again. The coal resources are being depleted for¬ 
ever. 

There are many who are skeptical as to the wisdom of investing money in real estate, and 
especiallv after a large increase in value is noted. United States and Canada aie rich in 


49 


examples of great advances in land values, there have been main gient bargains in real 
estate. Every one knows that the whole of Manhattan Island was sold by the Indians for 
twenty-four dollars. Look at the great value of real estate there now. 

Pennsylvania is the second most populous state in America and has an area of about 4o 000 
square miles. William Penn took this territory in settlement of a comparatively trifling 
debt which Charles the Second owed to Penn’s father and which he found himself disin¬ 
clined or unable to pay in cash. 

Less than ten years ago, when Payette County coal lands were selling at an absurdly 
low price, many observed the rapid depletion of the fields and their probable rapid future in¬ 
crease in value, and large areas were purchased. At the same time values were observed m 
Greene County. They were far below what their location and future worth should be. With 
these examples before us, still many hesitate and think values are too high. I line has been 
a gradual rise in land value in almost every state in the Union where there is any min¬ 
eral wealth or development that is necessary for our industrial progress. The increase has 
not been nominal, but has been rapid and in accordance with our industrial piogress. In ten 
years these Greene County lands will have increased in value to such extent that the juice 
to-dav will look absurdly small. When the county begins to be studded with coking coal op- 
erations and other manufacturing enterprises, it is then that the short-sighted will think the 
prediction as to Greene County’s future at this time was a correct one. 


PITTSBURGH COAL BED 

The inherent value of the Pittsburgh coal bed can hardly be overestimated. An investiga¬ 
tion for either active mining purposes with present market conditions, or simply to hold for ap¬ 
preciation value, would be regarded safe and profitable by the most conservative. Natural gas 
displaces thousands of bushels of coal annually in Pittsburgh. 

The gas reserves will become depleted in the very near future and this means, in its stead, 
a larger market for coal. The Pittsburgh bed, with its normal thickness of 6 ft. to 8 ft. is 
certainly a valuable asset. 

Quoting from paper on coking coal prepared bv F. C. Keighley: 

“Greene County is underlaid with hundreds of square miles of the great Pittsburgh coal 
seam, and nothing but the lack of railroad facilities has kept it from development. In less 
than ten years I predict that it will outrival the justly famous Klondike district of Fayette 
County, Pa. The time has arrived when the necessities of the times and business will force 
the development of this great Greene County coal field, the county that jmssesses more area of 
thick seam Pittsburgh coal of high quality than any other county in the Union. The Penn¬ 
sylvania Railroad has already entered the field and has some ten miles of road under con¬ 
struction along the west bank of the Monongahela River, and there will now be as great a 
scramble among the railroads to get into Greene County as there has been heretofore to keep 
one another out and make the people believe that the Monongahela River was the limit to de¬ 
velopment for a generation to come.” 

All eyes are naturally turned to the coal across the river from Fayette County. Tests 
have been made on the Greene County side that demonstrate the utilitv of this coal for coking. 
It certainly can be classed a similar coal to that of Fayette and Westmoreland. 

Several of the large interests have made quiet analyses of the coal on this side of the river 
and some of them are quite favorable, while others show that crushing or washing or other pre- 
li mi nary process will have to be gone through before it can be coked. Some of the analyses 
made show that the probable reason for high suljihur next the river is because of erosion and 
penetration of impurities through the covering of the coal. Several old flood jdains arc to be 
noticed and under these coal of high suljdiur will be found. 

The Greene County coal is naturally a coking coal. In many instances, it is chemically 
the same, and physically it is slightly more firm than that on the east side of the Monongahela 


50 


Kiver. This is natural partly because of its covering, but as to the purity of the coal, it has 
been fully demonstrated. It does not look reasonable that a river should divide the coking 
and non-coking coals. 

It is proven that as you go westward from the Monongahela River, the greater the coal 
increases in sulphur and ash, but the territory east of Waynesburg in the main is coking 
coal. I he purity of the coke depends partly upon how clean the coal has been mined by the 
miner and the methods used in coking it. 

Since the coal is chemically as pure, or nearly so, by crushing the coal you put it in nearlv 
the same physical condition as that of the Connellsville, hence a quality of coke that is even 
more firm that that of the old Connellsville region, and still of sufficient purity to answer the 
purpose desired in the furnace. 


THICKNESS OF SEAM 


Ihe Pittsburgh seam of coal, which is extensively mined from Pittsburgh to Lock Xo. 
0, and also in Fayette County, shows a thickness along the river from six to nine feet and is 
very regular in bed, showing no abrupt changes in thickness. The coal in the territory be¬ 
tween Brownsville and the State line does not show the high percentage of sulphur that the 
Pittsburgh Seam of coal shows as you go south from Fairmont. It seems as if there is an in¬ 
crease in sulphur and ash and other impurities as you go both south and west. Take the mines 
of the Fairmont district and their output in steam, gas and coking coal. At Monongah in 
the mines near Fairmont, there is a good output of coke, largely crushed coke for foundry, en¬ 
gine and domestic use. It usually shows a low percentage of phosphorus, and has quite a de¬ 
mand from the furnace people. 

The coal along the front of the Seventh Pool on the Greene County side of the river shows 
a thickness of eight feet. The seam of coal in the district in question has a thickness of from 
six to eight feet, and the quality as shown by the various analyses answers the requirements 
of the furnace people as well as others. An average analyses of the coal at a point from the 
Ellsworth through the eastern-central part of Washington and Greene Counties to the West Vir¬ 
ginia line shows that this field is available for coke. The physical properties of the coal are 
such as to enable handling in transportation. 


FUTURE VALUE OF COAL LANDS 

The probable increased future value of Greene County coal, especially on coal that is lo¬ 
cated to an advantage, in my mind can he wisely and fairly judged by the prevailing prices of 
Fayette County coal to-day. Nothing there can be had under $1,500 per acre, and but little 
first quality can be had for less than $2,500 per acre. In fact the holdings are in the hands 
of large steel interests and operators who are not willing to part with same. 

There are some large holdings that will have a fair acreage at the end of 20 years’ op¬ 
eration, but these are few in number. At the end of that time at the rate of the present con¬ 
sumption and the probable future increased production, such as has been evident and pre¬ 
vailed for the last 30 years, will find a very small acreage. Within the next five or ten years 
the Connellsville coking field will have reached its high mark in production, and thereafter 
there can be no other result than a rapidly diminishing production. 

The demand to supply the requirements daily becomes more insistent. The only field 
to retrench this inevitable loss is eastern Greene and southeastern V aslnngton ( ounties. 
It is true that there are coals of merit in other States, but they are in locations 
that because of the distance from market or point of consumption, they are not economically 
and commercially as valuable as would be the above mentioned districts, even with a prevail¬ 
ing high price for the acreage. The soft coal in the Focahontas district is \er\ pure m anaB- 

51 


sis, especially low in asli and sulphur, but it is a question as to how much of it can he made 
into coke that will withstand the strain in the modern blast furnace. I here is quite an area 
of this coal, but it is farther away from the mills of Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. 
The difference in distance, regardless of the merit in quality will make the coals of eastern 
Greene and Washington Counties preferable. 


DEPLETED AREAS OF COAL 


The vast wealth in the coal districts is being rapidly depleted and good virgin coal terri¬ 
tory is and will continue to be scarce. Much coal property has been purchased by investing and 
financial interests, and by large industrial corporations for future use. 

To observe how rapidly the reserve force of nature is being depleted, one need only take 
notice of the abandoned works of old operations as may be seen in any well developed territory, 
such as throughout the Hocking Valley in Ohio, up the Monongahela River between Pitts¬ 
burgh and the State line, and the Connellsville coking fields in Fayette and Westmoreland 
Counties. 

Large coal interests should fortify themselves for a long term of years. Observing the re¬ 
sults and experiences in the anthracite region, this warning should be heeded. 

The vast coal deposits of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, Virginia and Kentucky, 
Indiana and Illinois, show in traveling over these various fields the great development and how 
little virgin territory exists, the major portion of it being in the hands of other than the original 
owners, it being principally owned by the large coal and iron interests. The choice lands 
that are nearer the markets and better located as regards transportation have been purchased. 
A constant increase in price is bound to prevail with such a condition. 

It is rather a startling fact which we are compelled to face in regard to coal, its limited 
area and rapid disappearance. In using coal we are trenching on Nature’s capital and hasten¬ 
ing an ultimate and inevitable end. Even admitting that there will be coal for many years, 
nothing is more sure or certain than that prices are advancing and will continually, steadily 
and gradually continue on an upward plane. Coal is the chief factor in modern civilization. 
Nearly all labor-saving machines must have coal to make them effective. Outside of man 
and brute animal force, the sources of power available for us rises from the use of coal. If 
coal is too remote from a market, no matter how good in quality or what amount, its use is 
prohibitive. 

Some high authorities state that we have fuel for a long period to come, but how long 
will it be commercially and economically located? Go into any of the fields in Northern 
and central Pennsylvania where coke is made,—the mines in the Freeport beds along the Alle¬ 
gheny River, the Clearfield, Indiana, the Pocahontas, Kanawha, Fairmont, Pittsburgh No. S, 
Massillon district, Hocking Valley district, Somerset, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama and 
Kentucky, and you find large developments, and, in the main, with the choice fields both as to 
quality (if coal and location, owned and controlled by coal, railroad, steel and other interests. 
It is hard to find virgin territory for an operation. 

Mr. H. C. Frick, one of America’s representative men, looked far ahead in the coal, coke, 
iron and steel situation, just as he does in his many other diversified interests. The result is 
millions of gain for himself and his associates. 


52 


COMBUSTION 


Our coal areas are being rapidly depleted. It is evident upon every hand. The con¬ 
tinually increased consumption is practically the cause. The government has observed that 
our present systems of combustion are extravagantly wasteful, and the result of the coal test¬ 
ing plan shows that means of obtaining more energy from our coal should be had. They also 
appreciate the situation and are desirous of knowing how some of our poorer coals and lignites 
which are considered of but little value now, can be utilized. The waste of the energy of fuel 
is almost beyond comprehension in an age where economy and practical methods at every point 
should be used. As it is, 5% to 7% of the energy in fuel is obtained; the remaining 93% 
to 95% going up the chimney through wasteful methods of consumption. 

At the fuel testing plant these conditions are easily observed by the methods of firing the 
various fuels. Many of the consumers of coal have neglected this point. Trained experts have 
worked making a study of the coals which contain too much ash or sulphur to be economically 
used for commercial purposes. The time will necessarily come when these impure coals will be 
used, but will have to be greatly improved by washing and other means of chemical preparation. 
This will enable the use of many low grade coals. Even this will necessarily mean great ex¬ 
pense and cost, but it is very important at this time that such procedure and investigation 
were being made. 

The more important coal beds, especially near the points of consumption, have been largely 
purchased and are being held and operated by coal interests. Many of the latter have made 
large purchases readily, having seen the ultimate future in the coal situation. As long as the 
better and thicker seams of coal are available, it is hardly likely that the thin and less pure seam 
is going to be operated to any great extent. An old Pittsburgh seam operator will give but 
little consideration to the use of any other seam as long as there is any of the thick coal to 
be had. This has been observed in the past eight or ten years in the Pittsburgh district, and 
is an approved fact. These experiments with thin and dirty coal are scientifically, economic¬ 
ally and commercially proper and should be continued. While the results will be commer¬ 
cially valuable at the present time to many districts in the West where they have thin barren 
measures, in the Pittsburgh district it will be of little interest commercially for the present, 
affording better the results tending to stop the great waste in careless and extravagant systems 
of combustion at present in vogue. You may in a way curb the smoke, and secure more heat 
units from the coal by better method of combustion, but it looks like a hard task to try and 
convert low grade coal and old dumps into marketable stuff. ^Xot m "Western Pennsylvania as 
long as we have the Pittsburgh bed in Greene and Washington counties practically un¬ 
touched. 

The situation with our large coal companies may be illustrated by stating that the Pitts¬ 
burgh Coal Company has 165,000 acres of coal lands, some of them better located than 
others for economical operation and quality of coal. Considering them all available and of 
a thickness that would net seven thousand tons per acre, with an output of 15,000,000 tons 
per annum, it is figured that the coal will last for a period of seventy-five years; but this is 
not safe, partly because of not being able to save all the coal, loss in mining; and then again 
if its output is increased in the same proportion as the output in the last twenty-five or thirty 
years, it would not last forty years, if they get their proportion of the trade. _ 

Another example of the rapid disappearance of our Pittsburgh coal bed is to be seen m 
traveling up the Monongahela River to the remains of many dismantled and burned down 
tipples with their supply of coal worked out. Many places along the river front long hauls 

have to be made underground in order to keep up their supply. . 

It is predicted that one-half of the mines now being operated on railroad and river m the 
Pittsburgh or Connellsville seam of coal will be obsolete in the next ten years, notwithstanding 
the fact that during the past decade many new mining operations have been opened. 


53 


VARIETIES OF COAL 


There is lignite, stone coal, cannel coal, bituminous coal ? semi-bituminous coal, semi-an¬ 
thracite and anthracite coal. These different varieties are caused by various conditions. Most 
of the changes relating to bituminous, semi-anthracite and anthracite is because of eruptive 
heat. The various others have been made what they are by other conditions jointly with 
eruptive heat. The normal condition of bituminous coal is what we find in Southwestern 
Pennsylvania. The Connellsville field, being near the upheaval of mountains, may have been 
affected by the heat more than the territory as we go West to the Ohio River. It is the 
various degrees of heat to which the vegetable beds were subjected, and their physical con¬ 
dition and after influences that causes the several different qualities of coal to exist. I his, 
together with the atmospherical and physical conditions, gives us what we have in the way of 
coal measures. 

All that is needed to make Greene County coal into the best of coke is intelligent appli¬ 
cation and consideration of the quality of coal being dealt with. This will mean close study 
of the analysis of the coal together with the best process of coking same. There is no reason 
but that the territory in question can be adapted for making metallurgical coke. The bitu- 
minization is not too hiffh to assure 2 -ood coke. 


From the analyses and examinations made of the coke on the West side of the Monon- 
gahela River opposite Fayette County, it is found that the coal has all the necessary elements 
with their proper and various fusion in the coke oven. 


FREEPORT COAL 

The Freeport vein of coal has been described as valuable in the Pittsburgh District. It 
is quite probable that it will be mined to great extent in the future, and that at a not very far 
distant period. It is true that it will be mined under more unfavorable circumstances than 
is that of the Pittsburgh bed. It is frequently found to be irregular and uncertain in thick¬ 
ness and in quality. This uncertainty prohibits in a way continued and regular development. 


HISTORY OF CONNELLSVILLE REGIONS 


Quoting Mr. F. C. Keighley on History of Connellsville Regions, written in 1900: 

“The geologist tells us, that once, ages ago, a great sea spread all over the beautiful valleys and 
hills of what is now the Connellsville coke region. In this great sea, for ages there was deposited (and 
also grew within its bosom) great sheets of rank, luxuriant vegetation that can only be compared with 
that mass of vegetation that Columbus met with in his voyage of discovery, and that still exists in the 
tropical seas, and is known as the “Saragossa Sea.”. As the ages rolled on, this sea sank down and 
the great Allegheny mountains thrust forth their mighty flanks, the great sheets of vegetable matter 
were covered with sedimentary deposits, and in time became the seam of coal which is now known as 
the Connellsville seam. So much for science, which is really as much matter of history as the facts 
that follow. 

For the next that I have been able to find, I am indebted to Mr. Thomas Lynch, president of 
the H. C. Frick Coke Co. 

It seems that, ‘In 1816 and 1817, Isaac Mason built the first rolling mill erected West of the 
Allegheny mountains, to manufacture iron at Plum sock. Fayette County, Pa. This mill went into op¬ 
eration September, 1817, and coke was used in the refinery. This is the first definite statement that 
can be found concerning the use of coke in this country.’ It seems that the coke industry really be¬ 
gan within the confines of Fayette County. 

In 1837 F. H. Oliphant made coke at his Fairchance furnace, near Uniontown, Pa. All the early 
coke was made on the ground, in what was known as coke ricks. 

The first coke made in ovens was in about 1841. In that year Provence McCormick and James 
Campbell, two carpenters, and John Taylor, a stone mason, commenced making coke with two ovens, 
and in the spring of 1842 had enough coke stocked to fill two boats, or about 800 bushels which they 
took down the river on a high stage of water, to Cincinnati, Ohio. On reaching that city, they found 
that the demand for coke was not as brisk as they hoped to find it. The new fuel was unknown there; 
foundrymen regarded it with suspicion, calling it “cinders.’ Campbell, who went with the boats, re¬ 
mained at the landing three weeks, retailing out one boat load in small lots at 8 cents per bushel. ’ He 

54 


traded the balance to Miles Greenwood, a foundryman at Cincinnati, for a patent iron grist mill. This 
mill was brought to Connellsville, Pa., and when put in operation, was found to be a failure; it was 
sold for $30; and so ended the first coke manufacturing firm in the Connellsville coke region. A part 
of their cargo, which had been traded for the patent mill, was afterward boated to Dayton, Ohio, 
and was there sold to Judge Gobbard, a former resident of Pennsylvania, who then had a foundry in 
operation at Dayton. He used the coke in his establishment and found it so well adapted for his pur¬ 
pose that he soon after came to Connellsville and proposed to Campbell and McCormick to make more; 
but the result of their previous venture in the coke trade satisfied them. 

In 1843 the ovens built by Taylor were rented to Morcedai, James, and Sample Cochran, who 
used them in making 24-hour coke. When they had coked about 1,300 bushels, it was boated to Cin¬ 
cinnati and sold to Miles Greenwood, who in the meantime had become acquainted with the value of 
coke as a fuel. 


About 1853 three or four ovens were built and put in operation by Stewart Strickler, the product 

being boated to Cincinnati and sold. For some years but little coke was made, though a few ovens 

were built, and that knowledge acquired, that was necessary for the coming development of the trade. 

The trade increased somewhat in 1851, and in 1855 there were but 26 coke ovens above Pitts¬ 
burgh. It was not until the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was completed in Pittsburg, and Connellsville 
coke had been used successfully in the Clinton furnace at Pittsburg, that its value as a furnace fuel 
was fully demonstrated and the foundation laid for the demand which has resulted in such an unprece¬ 
dented development of coke manufactured in the Connellsville coke region. The Clinton furnace was 
blown in about 1859 to make pig iron from coke. The coke was first made from Pittsburg coal near 
the furnace on the south side of the Monongahela river. It was run about 3 months, the coke proved 
unsatisfactory, the furnace was blown out, and arrangements made to secure a supply of coke from 
the Connellsville region. The furnace was again put in blast in the spring of i860, using coke made 
from the Fayette Coke Works, comprising about 30 ovens which were also erected in that year. (Mr. 
George Griscom, whom so many of you know, tells me that he was superintendent of the Fayette 
Works, if I remember rightly over 30 years ago. This would, I think, make him one of the first, if not the 
first, superintendent of the region.) Forty ovens were built in Hichman run in 1864. The product of 
these ovens was transported on a tramway to the Pittsburg & Connellsville Railroad until 1871, when 
the Hickman Run Branch Railroad was built. In i860, the Connellsville Gas, Coal & Coke Company, 
was organized, and built 40 ovens near Connellsville. In 1869, 40 ovens were built near Dunbar, Pa. 

The Works above named were about all the ovens in the Connellsville region, up to 1871. 

The United States Census Reports for 1850 show that there were but four establishments making 
coke in the United States up to that time. In i860 there were 21; in 1870 there were 25. The number 
of establishments returned in 1850 is probably not correct. It is true the manufacture of coke at that 
time was in its infancy in this country; but it was without doubt more of an industry than the returns 
of 1850 indicate. The census returns for 1850 and i860 show that all the coke produced in the United 
States was made in Pennsylvania; and in 1870. 92 per cent.; 1880, 84.18 per cent.; and of the whole 
quantity made in Pennsylvania, Westmoreland and Fayette counties, or the Connellsville coke region, 
produced 73.16 per cent. 

In 1871 the Mt. Pleasant & Broad Ford Railroad (of which Mr. H. C. Frick was one of the 
projectors) was built, which opened up the northern ends of the region, and inaugurated the construc¬ 
tion of several plants. In the same year Mr. H. C. Frick and his associates operating under the name 
of Frick & Co., started into the coke business with 300 acres of land and 50 ovens known as the Frick 
Works. In 1872 the Mt. Braddock, Jimtown, and Valley Works were built, and about the same time 
Frick & Company added 50 ovens to the Frick plant and built the Henry Clay Works of 100 ovens 
on the Youghiogheny river near Broad Ford. Oven building continued until the total number in 1873 

was 3,673.’ . 

I will now follow Mr. Lynch's data by reference to the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 
dated 1876 I find that the number of coke plants in existence in the Connellsville coke regions at that 
time is given as 4 = 5 , the number of coke ovens as 3,578, and the weekly output at 26,000 tons. It is 
further said that in that report that ‘Perhaps the most surprising feature of this enormous business is 
its sudden and recent growth; nearly all of these ovens having been built within the last 10 years. 

Before 1865 the trade was small, the market chiefly local to the Pittsburg trade the reputation 
of 1 he coke much less widespread, and the number of coke ovens growing slowly, Since that time 
the ,_icrease of the business has been amazing. 

Other coking districts have enlarged their capacities also; much coke, and of good quality, too, 
now coming from the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Blairsville to Pittsburg 

You will observe that the writer just cited states that the increase in the coke business to 26,000 
tons per week was amazing. What would he say about the present output of 200,000 tons per week now 
being marketed? This marks an increase of eightfold in only 23 years. 

df/thU^ear 0873Vthe gnfat financial panic occurred, and the iron business commenced to decline; 
the price of coke naturally went down in sympathy with it until 1879; then came a sudden and un¬ 
precedented demand and prices, which had previously ranged for several years from 90 cents to $1.15 

r tnn nt tine ovens advanced to $S per ton. This boom naturally gave impetus to the coke trade, 
Pe d ^ ty 3^® the“ SI/ 'ovens built, and 1,242 in the process of construction in the 
• > 

This brines us up to 1880. Through the kindness of my friend, Mr. E. W. Parker, statistician of 
lited States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., I am enabled to present to you the olloving 
rtatirtics relative to the g manufacture of coke in the Connellsville coke region from the end of 1880 

10 the From 'a'review of the statistics just given, it seems that from ,880 to .883. the coke output rose 
from 2,205,946 tons to 3,552,402 tons, or an increase in three years, of 61 per cent. 


an 

region 
the Unit 


compar 


In l88d and iffic the trade declined, and at the end of 1885 the output was 456.300 tons down as 
ared 'with 1883. ' In 1886 it suddenly jumped up over 1,000,000 tons as compared wit 5 - 

55 


1887 it dropped back slightly—33,532 tons. In 1888 it increased again over 800,000 tons. In 1889 and 
1890 it rapidly advanced again, and at the end of 1890, as compared with 1887, it had increased 2,317,167 
tons. In 1891 it fell back again 1.703,491 tons. In 1892 it recovered itself and regained 1 568,787 of the 
1,703,491 lost in 1891. In 1893 it plunged back lower than its record of 1888 5 years before -and lost 

in output, compared with 1892, 1,523,829 tons. In 1894 the output rose again and recovered 380,457 of 
the 1,523,829 tons lost in 1893. In 1895 it took an immense leap forward, gaining in one year ^ ie 
amazing amount of almost 3,000,000 tons. In 1896 there was another slump down of 2,718,689 tons. 
In 1897 it gained over 1,400,000 tons. In 1898 it gained 1,454,524 tons, bringing the output up to January 
1, 1899, to the enormous sum of 8,315,350 tons. The figures for 1899 are not yet known, but I should 
estimate it at an increase of over 1,000,000 tons; for, as before stated, the present output is at the rate 
of 10,500,000 tons per annum. 

Nothing can better illustrate the progressive character of the men that conduct the coke in¬ 
dustry, than the fact that one firm—the H. C. Frick Coke Company—has in 28 years increased its hold¬ 
ings from 300 acres of land and 50 coke ovens to 40,000 acres of coal, and now control the products of 
52 plants in the region, aggregating 11,200 ovens, and four water plants with a pumping capacity of 
8,000,000 gallons of water daily. For the equipment of its plants, it has 52 miles of railroad track, 28 
locomotives, 2,500 railroad cars, 92 pairs stationery engines, 42 miles of wire rope, 198 steam boilers, 
5,100 mine cars, 280 miles of mine track and 740 horses and mules. It is supplied with coal from 50 
mines, 22 drifts, 15 slopes and 13 shafts. The latter vary in depth from 50 to 542 feet; slopes vary 
from 180 to 6,600 feet horizontal depth, and some of the drifts extend over 2 miles underground. 

The coking coal field of itself is of limited area, and extends from a point near Latrobe, on 
the Pennsylvania Railroad, in a southwesterly direction, through Westmoreland and Fayette counties, 
a distance of 42 miles almost to the West Virginia line, with an average width of 3.5 miles, covering 
an area of 147 square miles and, excluding barren measures originally contained 88,000 acres, of which 
there are yet (I will say January 1, 1899) as near as I can ascertain, about 62,000 acres of available coal 
yet to mine. At the present rate of production, this coal would last 50 years, but if it should increase 
in the ratio that it has in the past 10 years, it would be exhausted in 25 years. This 62,000 acres of 
coal at $1,500 per acre, which is now considered a fair figure, would make its value at the present time 
the enormous sum of $93,000,000. At one time Connellsville coking coal sold for $12.50 per acre, so 
it has increased in value 120-fold. As shown by Mr. Parker, 'the value of the coke manufactured in 
1898 was $12,626,292.’ I estimate that for the year 1899, owing to the increased production and advance 
in prices, the value of the coke manufactured will reach well up to $20,000,000. The Connellsville coke 
industry furnishes directly, employment to over 20,000 men, and indirectly to several hundred thou¬ 
sand. These figures of themselves are astounding; yet I am going to furnish some that are still more 
marvelous. 

Ten million tons of coke per annum means the consumption of 15,000,000 tons of coal, to which 
we must add at least 1,000,000 tons more to cover what is used about the mines, and the wastes of va¬ 
rious kinds incurred in handling. This does not include what is lost in bad mining. This brings the 
sum total of coal per annum to 16,000,000 tons, 5,000,000 tons of this amount is thrown into the atmos¬ 
phere in the shape of volatile matter, which in turn contains many valuable by-products, such as ammonia, 
tar, gas, heavy and light oil, benzole, toluol, xylol, phenol, naphtha, anthracene, creosote, pyridine, pitch, 
etc. Of ammonia alone not less than 50,000 tons were thrown into the atmosphere during the year 1899, 
by coke ovens of the Connellsville region, no doubt adding materially to the fertility of our land; for 
nature never wastes anything, and it is in all probability precipitated. 

Sixteen million tons of coal per annum mean practically 52,000 tons of coal per day. If we throw 
this into its equivalent horse power, at the rate of two pounds of coal per hour per horse power, which 
is now developed in high class engines, it would equal the work of 520,000 horses, working ten hours 
per day under the Watt standard, which is one-third greater than the real horse power, making an 
actual horse power of 78,000, or equivalent to the work of 7,800,000 men for ten hours. Scientists tell 
us that, as yet. we get but ten per cent, of the actual power contained in a pound of coal, so a day’s 
work of the Connellsville coke region is really a consumption of force equal to that exerted by 78,- 
000,000 working men, or more than the whole population of the United States. 

During the past twenty years, in which 1 have been connected with the coke industry, I have 
time and again heard iron and steel makers explain that they have found other coke that' answered 
their purpose, but I have always noticed that they were in the market for Connellsville coke when 
they had to make a fine grade of iron or steel. Every time a man or company found a new coal 
field, they came out with the glowing statement that it was as good as Connellsville coal. Why, I have 
seen alleged Connellsville coal and coke from every section of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Vir¬ 
ginia, Illinois, Indiana, and even Pacific Slope, and here is the latest Klondike right at our doors basing 
its future greatness on the reputation of Connellsville coal. The fact is, that'every one is anxious to 
prove that he controls a field of genuine Connellsville coal, no matter whether it is located on the top 
of Pike’s Peak or in the Dismal Swamp. 

As to cheapness of production. There is no other coal as regular, as uniform, of as convenient 
thickness, as Connellsville coal, and as easily mined. These are not mere statements, but facts; facts that 
have made Pittsburgh the steel center of the world; facts that have taxed the three great railroad 
systems of southwest Pennsylvania to their very uttermost; facts that have in thirty years brought up 
the output of blast furnaces from 35 tons to 700 tons per day; and facts that are going to make the 
United States the greatest nation on earth.” FRED C. KEIGHLEY, 1900 

What a vast increase in production since 1900? 


56 


COKE HISTORY 


1 he history of the Connellsville fields can best be written by noting the thousands of 
ovens and their large production; also the prices at which these lands are held: 

In 18 < 9 coal was optioned at Leisering No. 1 at $25.00 to $30.00 per acre. It was re¬ 
sold to the Leisering interests later at ninety dollars per acre. This was their first purchase— 
made on January 1st, 1880. Twenty-seven hundred acres at Leisering ISTo. 3 was purchased by 
the Leiserings at seventy-five dollars per acre. This same coal to-day or coal nearby could not 
be purchased for three thousand dollars per acre. The fact is, strictly speaking, there is none 
in the Connellsville region proper that could be gotten at three thousand dollars per acre, and 
in the lower field known as the Klondike (which has only been developed in the past seven or 
eight years) there is not more than two thousand acres, and nothing that can be purchased 
for less than fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars per acre. 

In July, 1899, Mr. J. A . Thompson sold John W. Gates for his steel and wire interests five 
thousand acres at $170.00 per acre. In 1907 Mr. Thompson paid $1,700.00 per acre for 
adjoining coal. 

In 1898 coal was offered at $50.00 an acre on Dunlap Creek, which is the scene at pres¬ 
ent of extensive operations. The entire surrounding territory could have been purchased at 
that price. There is practically nothing available there at this time at any price. 

With nothing more available in these fields it is natural that adjoining territory or ex¬ 
tension of same be looked into. As you go South across the Fayette County line into West 
Virginia, on the east side of the Monongahela Kiver, you find but little coal of the Connells¬ 
ville or the Pittsburgh vein. The Freeport measures outcrop there and some coke has been 
made. The nearest coal of merit to be obtained is naturally the field on the west side of 
the Monongahela River opposite Fayette County. The many developments along the river 
from Coal Center to the West Virginia state line show the availability and merit of this coal. 

The Lackawanna Steel Company have about six hundred ovens at or near Ellsworth. They 
are making an excellent quality of coke, the sulphur, phosphorus and ash being low. 

The Ellsworth Company purchased seven thousand acres of their coal for $37.50 per acre 
in 1899, and the Lackawanna Steel interests paid at least six hundred dollars per acre for 
their proposition in 1907. 

In November, 1906, Mr. J. V. Thompson sold two thousand acres in Luzerne and Redstone 
townships, Fayette County, to the Tower-Ilill Connellsville Coke Company at a price of $1,- 
700.00 per acre. Prominent coal and financial interests in Fniontown, Cleveland and the 
east were the purchasers. This was about the last large sale made on the Fayette County side. 


At the present time small acreage is left. 

In 1899 the acreage between Uniontown and Brownsville sold at one hundred dollars an 
acre. This is along Redstone. Some of this coal a year or two before was purchased at fifty 
dollars an acre by the Redstone Coal & Coke Co. This is the district in which is located about 
seven thousand acres of coking coal owned by the Pittsburgh Coal Company, and is shown as 

far as earning value to be its main asset in 1905. 

In the district where the Washington Coal & Coke Company was optioned up at twenty to 
thirty dollars per acre in 1880, the only available coal now can be included in fifteen hundred 
acres and this is mainly owned by Alfred M. Fuller, and it is hardly probable same could be 


bought at even fifteen hundred per acre. 

r ppgj.g jg jiq gofjl to be had m the Greensburg, Latrobe, Scottdale, Mt. I leasant distiict, 
in fact, none in the old Connellsville region; none in the Redstone district; but little than 
mentioned above in the Washington Run territory, and outside the old basin in the Monon¬ 
gahela River or Klondike field two or three thousand acres will probably include all the 


57 


desirable coal that could be acquired unless it be purchased of some operation or interest at 
a good figure. The coal remaining that is desirable is mainly owned and controlled by coal 
and iron interests. 

In summarizing the coking coal situation as far as western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio 
is concerned, the only territory open for future operations is eastern Greene and eastern W ash- 
ington counties. 

In the Pleasant Unity district, that is from Mt. Pleasant to Latrobe, the coal was not 
considered good in early days. Near Hunkers jNIr. Thaw purchased some at eighty dollars 
per acre. To-day the price would be not under three thousand dollars. 


DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN CONNELLSVILLE REGION 

(SOUTH CONNELLSVILLE FIELD) 

In the spring of 1900 wonderful developments in new territory near Masontown, Fay¬ 
ette County, were made. The Bessemer Coke Company burned the first coke in the new ter¬ 
ritory. The Eureka Fuel Company had ovens in blast soon thereafter. 1 he strangest thing 
about this industrial romance is that such valuable coal should have lain so long undiscov¬ 
ered. 

Early developments were confined to the region from Greensburg to Connellsville, and at 
last the whole territory from Greensburg to Smithfield was being developed; now all of west¬ 
ern Fayette County is lighted by thousands of ovens. In 1898 the Illinois Steel Company be¬ 
gan to make experiments with coal at the basin which begins 2 miles west of the western 
outcrop of the old Connellsville coal vein and extends westward into Greene County. This 
basin outcrops along the line running from High House to New Salem and keeps dipping as 
it goes west. At the Monongahela River it was then thought to be about 200 feet below the 
surface and almost 500 feet at Waynesburg. This company found that this coal would coke 
into a superior quality of fuel. They secured about 7,000 acres along the eastern outcrop 
of the new field. Some of the options were taken as low as $35 per acre—the latest purchases 
have been nearer $2,000. American Steel & Wire Company gathered up most of the territory 
stretching from the Illinois Steel Company holdings westward to the Monongahela River; they 
secured over 8,000 acres. Many others entered this field. In short time an enormous out¬ 
put was produced. 

Three distinct systems of railroads have entered this new Klondike field, and these are 
just across the river from the virgin territory of Greene County. It is quite probable that the 
Pennsylvania will build up on the west side of the river but how far has not been determined. 
When wise capitalists appreciate or realize the grand opening in Greene County for similar 
propositions another such movement will be made. 

COKE OUTPUT—PRODUCTION 

The coke production of the Connellsville and Lower Connellsville region during 1906 was 
approximately 20,000,000 tons, with a market value of $55,000,000. It exceeded last year’s 
business, or any previous year's business, by 37y 2 per cent. It took 745,274 cars to trans¬ 
port it. 

In 1906 the by-products of the coke establishments formed only 5.3 per cent, of the total 
value of products in 1905. They increased 186.4 per cent, in value between 1900 and 1905. 
At the last census of by-products the coke ovens consisted chiefly of far valued af more than 
$600,000; amonius sulphate valued at over $800,000 ; ammonia liquor, $760,000, and sulphur 
gas valued at $840,000. 2,22o,000 tons of coke were exported principally to Canada, Mex¬ 

ico and Cuba. In 1906 Westmoreland County produced 26,000,000 tons of coal. This was 


58 


an increase of 3,000,000 tons over 1905 when it was thought the high water mark had been 
reached, and it would even been greater then had there been more cars to handle the out¬ 
put. The outlook this year is good and some operators estimate that the output should reach 
30,000,000 tons in Westmoreland County alone. 

The coke output in 1907 in Westmoreland will show an increase of over 1,000,000 
tons on account of the number of new ovens being in operation. 


UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION'S COAL AND COKE 

PRODUCTION IN 1906 

The annual report of the Steel Corporation shows that during the year 1906 it produced 
more than 13,000,000 tons of coke, and mined almost 2,000,000 tons of coal exclusive of that 
used in coke production. 

They also constructed more than 2,000 Beehive coke ovens besides extensive improve¬ 
ments in their by-product coke plant at Sharon, putting in a coal crushing and mixing plant. 

The Steel Corporation owns nearly all the coal in the old Connellsville field and have 
a fair representation in the lower field. In the old field they have been forced to suspend 
operations from several hundred ovens in the past year or two, and many estimate after a 
tour of the old basin in the Connellsville region that the supply will be almost exhausted 
within twelve to eighteen years; some even in less time than that. Of course, there may be 
a few plants that will have a longer existence because of the larger body of coal surround¬ 
ing their immediate plant, but in observing the change that has been made in the past ten 
years will see the condition predicted above in a comparatively short time. The large de¬ 
velopments and large outputs will be from the lower field, and in rapidly exhausting them, east¬ 
ern Greene and eastern Washington counties will be next, and it will come in the very near 
future. 


TAKEN FROM 1906 ANNUAL REPORT OF PITTSBURGH COAL CO. 


PRODUCTION AND SALES-IN TONS OF 2000 POUNDS EACH 



(Including Sundry Purchases from other 

Producers) 



Pittsburgh 

Hocking 

Total Coal 
Exclusive of 
that useil 

Pittsburgh 


District 

District 

in manufactur- 

District 


Coal 

Coal 

ing Coke 

Coke 

Sixteen months end 
ing Dec. 31, 1900. 

18,543,816 


18,543,816 

30,004 

Year 1901. 

12,988,347 


12,988,347 

19,987 

Year 1902. 

14,290,277 

1,381,996 

15,672,273 

67,730 

Year 1903. 

15,581,397 

1,480,350 

17,061,747 

149,842 

Year 1904. 

13,678,658 

1,451,505 

15,130,163 

219,131 

Year 1905. 

14,084,682 

1,371,620 

15,456,302 

339,490 

Year 1906. 

17,628,396 

1,415,920 

19,044,316 

429,076 

Totals. 

106,795,573 

7,101,391 

113,896,964 

1,255,260 


59 














TAKEN FROM 1906 ANNUAL REPORT OF PITTSBURGH COAL CO 


COAL LAND ACREAGE 


COAL LANDS OWNED 



Acres of 
Unmined 

Coal at 

Jan. 1. 1906 

Acres 
Purchased 
During Year 

Acres 

Mined out 
or Sold 
during Year 

Acres of 
Unmined Coal 
at Jan. 1, 1907 

PITTSBURGH DISTRICT. 




Pittsburgh Vein— 

Pole in.o’. 

7,989 


432 

7,557 

Thick" Vein . 

13,445 

100 

435 

13,110 

Thin Vein Gas. . . 

24,893 

200 

584 

24,509 

Thin Vein Steam. 

99,234 

164 

778 

98,620 

Total Pittsburgh vein 

145,501 

464 

2,229 

143,796 

Preeport and other 
Veins. 

42,425 



42,425 

HOCKING DISTRICT. 

8,379 


164 

8,215 

Total. 

196,365 

464 

2,393 

194,436 


COAL LANDS MINED UNDER LEASE 

Acres of 

Unminded Coal Acres Leased Acres Mined 
at Jan. 1, 1906 during Year during Year 

PITTSBURGH DISTRICT. 

Pittsburgh Vein— 

Acres of 
Unmined Coal 
at Jan. 1, 1907 

Thin Vein Gas. . . 

3,042 

. . . 155 

2,887 

Thin Vein Steam. 

21,543 

. . . 205 

21,338 

Total Pittsburgh Vein 

24,585 

360 

24,225 

HOCKING DISTRICT. 

2,159 

126 

2,033 

Total . 

26,744 

486 

26,258 



RECAPITULATION 



Owned . 

Leased . 

Acres of 
Unmined Coal 
at Jan. 1. 1906 

. . . 26,744 

Acres Purchased 
or Leased 
during Year 

464 

Acres 

Mined out 
during Year 

2,393 

486 

Acres of 
Unmined Coal 
at Jan. 1, 1907 

194,436 

26,258 

Grand Total . . 

. . . 223,109 

464 

2,879 

220,694 


GO 





























. N.ZEALAND 

' 1.722,379 ST 


i S.A REPUBLIC 
' 2.638.H7 S.T 


SPAIN 

3.530,563 S.T 


I NS WALES 

6,742 186 S .T. 


■ INDIA 

9.202 .711 S.T 


m CANADA 

■ 8.775,933 S.T 


JAPAN 

11,120.934 S.T 


■■ RUSSIA 

21.294.639 S.T 


■■i BELGIUM 

24.078,862 S.T. 


■mb FRANCE 

37.663,349 ST 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

4S.209.933 S.T. 


GERMANY 

191.576.074 S.T. 


GREAT BRITAIN 

264.464 4 0 8 S.T 

UNITED STATES 392,919.341 s.T. 


B 


Diagram 


showing the output of the principal coal 
producing' nations, 1905 


61 




■ 5 I.ZOO,684 SHORTTOHS 

_ c 

| ^ 1.332.372 S.T. 

* 

I j| 1.473,2 m S.T. 


o 1.643 .632 S T. 

z 

H 

3 1.649.9 33 S.T. 


1.934. 673 S.T. 


5 2,664,926 S.T. 


L 4 2,924.427 S T. 
I J 3.983. 376 S.T. 


^ 4,275.271 S.T 


g S.108.339 S T. 


^ 5.602,021 S.T. 

O 

•H 

C S.963.396 S.T. 


> 6 423.979 S T. 
Z 

§ 6.798,609 S T 
>■ 

■ 5 8.432. S23 S T. 


° 8.826.429 S.T. 
O 

> 

r" 11.866.069 S.T. 


Z 11.895.252 S.T. 
P 

25.552,950 3.7. c 

IHHHiHHHB x 

o 

37.791,560 S.T. 



36,434.363 S T. 


5 

> 

P 

r~ 

C/5 


77. 659.850 S T. 


> 

Z 


MS,413.637 SHORT TONS 


Coal Output of Principal Coal Producing States, 1905 


62 


PENNSYLVANIA 

6 ITU. 






PRODUCTION 


The total production of coal of the United States is more than four hundred and twenty- 
five million tons. This includes anthracite and Pennsylvania produced one hundred and 
thirty-five million tons of bituminous and seventy-seven millions of anthracite. 

Production of Bituminous Coal according to United States Geological Survey: 

United States: Pennsylvania: 


1857 

4,475,000 tons 

1857 

2,000,000 tons 

1866 

10,625,000 

C( 

1866 

6,800,000 “ 

1876 

26,662,000 

u 

1876 

12,880,000 “ 

1886 

65,021,000 

«c 

1886 

27,094,000 “ 

1896 

120,641,000 

u 

1896 

49,557,000 “ 

1906 

281,481,000 

a 

1906 

135,000,000 “ 

this continued increase, 

if we 

are to estimate how 

long the coal of western Penn- 

to last 

us, we just take into consideration the incr 

eased production. It is plainly 


seen that Pennsylvania has kept up her share of the output in the increase, and if continued 
will rapidly deplete the bituminous area, especially that of the Pittsburgh bed in the south¬ 
western part of the state, as it is more easily accessible for markets where there is large con¬ 
sumption of coal and coke. 

During this increase in consumption, beginning with 1876, we exported .86% of the out¬ 
put; in 1906 we exported 2.54%. 

The total production in the United States as given by United States Geological Survey was 
414,000,000 tons in 1906, for which was received $512,000,000. This is quite a large fuel 
bill. The figures show an increase of more than twenty million tons, or 5.4% in quantity, 
and more than $35,000,000 or 7 1 %% in value. 

Of the total production Pennsylvania contributed more than 200,000,000 tons with a 
value of more than $262,000,000. The anthracite production in 1906 was 63,645,000 long- 
tons, while the bituminous production was 129,263,000 short tons. The anthracite production 
in Pennsylvania in 1906 was 5,694,000 long tons less than in 1905, while the bituminous pro¬ 
duction showed an increase of 10,850,000 short tons. 

Pennsylvania first in the list of production in the United States, and West Virginia sup¬ 
planted Illinois as the second coal producing state. 

Pittsburgh Coal Tonnage: 

The production in 1906 was 48,949,000 tons, an increase of 7,100,000 tons over 1905, 
and an increase over 1904 of 12,500,000 tons. The production of coal for the past four 
years in the Pittsburgh district was 165,146,000 tons. 

With Fayette, Westmoreland, Washington and Allegheny counties producing more than 
75,000,000 tons of coal per annum, and with the same continued increase as there has been 
in'the'past twenty years, which averages 10% per year during each decade, at the end of 
ten years the four counties above named would be depleted of 20,000 acres per year of its 
coal area, or a total of 200,000 acres. 

Fayette and Westmoreland produces two-thirds of the above amount. In 1904 Fayette 
County produced 19,231,011 tons, of which 12,552,780 tons were made into coke. 

In 1905 Fayette County produced 24,250,989 tons, of which 16,112,687 tons were made 

into coke. 

In 1901 Fayette County produced 16,187,224 tons. 

In 1902 Fayette County produced 18,988,058 tons. 

In 1903 Fayette County produced 19,613,161 tons. 

In 1904 Fayette County produced 19,231,011 tons. 

In 1905 Fayette County produced 24,250,989 tons. 

63 


The increase in 1905 being 5,019,987 tons, and from statements given 1906 tonnage will 
show a further increase. 

In 1905 the United States produced more than five times the output of 1880, or multiplied 
its production five times in twenty-five years. In the coal areas in the various states and how 
they lay, or are distributed, as compared with our need, the true way to determine how long 
commercially it will last will be to calculate the solid acreage and then how much is depleted 
each year, together with the probable increase as we go along. I he extra charge per ton that 
other fields will cost over Pittsburgh coal in order to reach a market will give southwest Penn¬ 
sylvania the advantage always. 


MARKETS 

The markets for Pittsburgh coal is mainly Pittsburgh and 150 miles around, except 
where shipments are made throughout the lake region, and down the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers. 

% 

Pittsburgh has thousands of mills and manufacturers, and with its million dollar a day 
pay roll, with its many blast furnaces and rolling mills, with its thousands of workingmen, 
make certain the future great need of the Pittsburgh coal bed. There can be but little abate¬ 
ment in the demand for bituminous coal. 


TOTAL LAKE TONNAGE 

Our coal tonnage to the Lakes in 


1901 . 6,870,000 tons 

1902 . 8,700,000 “ 

1903 . 11,350,000 “ 

1901.. 9,890,000 “ 

1905 . 11,130,000 “ 

1906 . 11,510,000 “ 


The coal shipped to the Lakes from the Pittsburg district means approximately 10,000,000 
to 12,000,000 tons, and that shipped from the West Virginia and Ohio district is far behind. 


COKING COAL PRODUCTION 

The Lower Connellsville region, no older than it is, has produced one-half the tonnage of 
the old Connellsville region. 

Briefly, the exact figures of production of coke in 1906, are as follows: 

32,568,926 tons, of which Pennnsylvania produced 20,750,000 tons. 

Requiring approximately 32,000,000 tons. 


PRODUCTION IN CONNELLSVILLE REGION 

There are approximately 35,000 coke ovens in the region and an output of more than 20,- 
000,000 tons. They are producing 60% of the coke of the whole United States and 90% of 
the coke produced in Pennsylvania. To haul all this output it takes more than 710,000 cars. 

The deepest shaft to reach coal is 650 ft. and the longest slope is Redstone, said to be 10,- 
000 ft* 


64 








PRODUCTION 

(PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL) 


Quoted from E. W. Parker’s report (U. S. Geological Survey, 1905). 

The record made in the bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania was something unprece¬ 
dented in the history of coal mining. Not only was the production the largest ever obtained 
in the State, but the increase over the preceding year surpassed all previous records, and was 
more than the total production of any other State in 1905, with the exception of Illinois, Ohio 
and West \ irginia. In 1902 when the production of bituminous coal was unduly stimulated 
by the great strike in the anthracite regions, the output exhibited a gain of 16,268,421 short 
tons over that of 1901, and this was considered an extraordinary record. In 1905, without 
any such unusual conditions, the production shows an increase over 1904 of 20,475,350 short 
tons, an amount larger by more than 2,000,000 tons than the entire bituminous coal product in 
the State in 1880. That this remarkable increase is due in great measure to the iron industry, 
which also increased phenomenally last year, is shown by the fact that more than two-thirds of 
the gain made in 1905 over 1904 was in the amount of coal made into coke, which increased 
from 20,868,368 short tons in 1904 to 27,926,282 short tons in 1905, a gain of 7,057,914 tons, 
or 34.7 per cent. The percentage gain in the total production was 21, while the value increased 
20 per cent. The two counties of Fayette and Westmoreland, which embraces the Connells- 
ville coking districts, were responsible for nearly half of the total increase for the State, these 
two counties alone showing a gain of over 9,300,000 short tons in 1905. Their combined pro¬ 
duction exceeded by several million tons the total output of Illinois or West Virginia, which 
rank next to Pennsylvania as coal-producing States. The increased production was, however, 
distributed generally throughout the State, but in less proportion than in the two counties men¬ 
tioned. Six other counties, Allegheny, Cambria, Clearfield, Indiana, Somerset and Washing¬ 
ton, each recorded an increase of over 1,666,000 tons. 

The total production in 1905 of the United States was 392,919,341 short tons, and in 
1906 over 400,000,000 short tons, and the spot value of $500,000,000. In the production of 
coal the United States in 1905 surpassed all previous records. Compared with 1904 the output 
in 1905 exhibited a gain of 41,102,943 short tons, or 11 7/10 per cent, in quantity. 

The total increase in the production of coal in the United States was larger than the total 
production of France in 1904, or of any other foreign country except Great Britain, Austria, 
Germany and Hungary, and was almost equal to that last mentioned. The total production of 
this country in 1905 was almost 50'% larger than that of Great Britain, which country, until 
1899, was the leading coal producing country of the world. Statistics show that Great 
Britain has left only about 11,000 square miles of coal. 

An interesting factor is shown in the statistics, issued by the Department of the In¬ 
terior, that in each decade the output has been practically doubled. It also cites along with 
the great increase in production of coal in comparison with the increase in population. 

In 1850 the per capita production of coal was 0.278 tons. 

In 1860 the per capita production of coal was 0.514 tons. 

In 1870 the per capita production of coal was 0.857 tons. 

In 1880 the per capita production of coal was 1.42 tons. 

In 1890 the per capita production of coal was 2.5 tons. 

In 1900 the per capita production of coal was 3.53 tons, and 

In 1906 the per capita production of coal was 5.00 approx. 

In 1905 estimated the population of the United States at 83,000,000, the per capita pro¬ 
duction was found to have been 4.73 tons. 

Practically the entire output of both the anthracite and bituminous coal of the United 
States has been consumed within this country, although in the past year foreign markets 
are being secured. 


65 


The growi 


vtli of the coal mining industry in the United States compared with that of the 
other countries of the world since 1868 shows that during the period of 68 yeais the pei- 
centage of the world’s total produced hy the United States has increased from 14.^2 to 38, 
and this country now stands far in the lead of the world s coal producers. It has been onh 
seven years since the United States supplanted Great Britain as the leading coal producing 
country, and yet in that time the increase in this country has been so enormous that Great 
Britain can no longer be classed as a competitor. The production of the T nited States in 
1905 was nearly 50% larger than that of Great Britain, more than double that of Germany, 
and nearly two and one-fourth times that of all other countries, outside of Great Britain and 
Germany, combined. 


PENNSYLVANIA 


Total production in 1905, 196,073,487 short tons; spot value $255,269,508. 

Anthracite,—Total production in 1905, 69,339,152 long tons; spot value, $141,879,000. 

Bituminous,—Total production in 1905, 118,413,637 short tons, spot value, $113,390,508. 

In the production of both anthracite and bituminous coal in 1905, Pennsylvania exceeded 
any previous record and established a new high water mark. The largest output obtained 
prior to 1905 was won in 1903, when in order to make up for the shortage resulting from the 
strike in the anthracite regions in 1902 the production was unusually augmented and reached 
the then unprecedented total of 177,724,246 short tons, which included 103,117,178 short tons 
of bituminous coal, and 74,607,068 short tons (66,613,454 long tons) of anthracite. Under 
more normal conditions which prevailed in 1904, the total production receded to 171,108,976 
short tons, of which 97,952,267 short tons were bituminous coal and 73,156,709 short tons 
(65,318,490 long tons) were anthracite. 

The rapid growth of the bituminous coal production, compared with that of anthracite 
during recent years, has been marked and forms one of the interesting features connected with 
the statistics of the coal mining industrv. Attention has been called to this in some of the 
previous reports of this series, and the following table has been prepared, showing the aver¬ 
age production of Pennnsylvania anthracite and of bituminous coal throughout the United 
States by five year periods for the twenty-five years from 1876 to 1905. It will be seen from 
this table that the average production of anthracite during the five years 1901-5 was 2.59 times 
the average yearly production from 1876 to 1880, and that bituminous production for the later 
period was nearly 7.5 times that of the earlier. 

From 1876 to 1880 the average production of bituminous coal was 1.41 times that of an¬ 
thracite, while from 1901 to 1905 bituminous production was 4.08 times that of hard coal. The 
reason for this comparatively great gain in bituminous production is not difficult to under¬ 
stand. For a number of years anthracite has been practically eliminated as a fuel for manu¬ 
facturing purposes and its use has been almost entirely restricted to domestic consumption in 
the eastern states. And even for domestic purposes the products of bituminous coal, coke, and 
gas are competing more and more with anthracite in the markets of the larger cities and towns. 
Add to this the constantly increasing costs in the mining and preparation of anthracite and 
ample reason is furnished for the existing statistical situation. 


66 


PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL 
SINCE 1876, BY FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES 

(Short Tons) 


Period AnthracIteQuantlty Bituminous Quantity 

1876-1880 . 25,800,169 36,460,776 

1881-1885 . 36,198,188 71,092,930 

1886-1890 . 43,951,763 94,446,451 

1891-1895 . 53,405,187 125,416,327 

1896-1900 . 55,625,265 171,498,143 

1901-1905 . 66,853,778 272,542,704 


Until 1902 Pennsylvania has enjoyed uninterruptedly the distinction of producing more 
than one-half of the entire output of coal of the United States. The shortage produced by the 
anthracite strike reduced the percentage in Pennsylvania to a total in 1902, of 46%. Not¬ 
withstanding the increased production in 1903, the tonnage of the state in the latter year was 
still slightly less than half of the total for the United States, and in 1904 Pennsylvania’s per¬ 
centage of the total was 49. The increase of nearly 25,000,000 tons in 1905 over 1904 has, 
however, reinstated Pennsylvania in this respect with almost exactly 50% of the total output 
of the United States. In 1880 Pennsylvania produced 66% of the entire output of the United 
States, and while this percentage has showed a decreasing tendency since that time the average 
for the last 24 years has been nearly 55% of the total. Pennsylvania alone produces more coal 
than any other country in the world, with the exception of Great Britain and Germany, and 
exceeds the combined production of Austria, France, and Belgium, which rank respectively as 
fourth, fifth and sixth among the coal producing countries of the world. The following table 
shows the total production of Pennsylvania and of the United States since 1880, with the per¬ 
centage of the tonnage produced by Pennsylvania in each year: 


67 


/ 











PRODUCTION OF PENNSYLVANIA COAL COMPARED WITH 
TOTAL UNITED STATES, 1880-1905 


(Short Tons) 



Total 


Percentage of 

Year 

United 

States 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 
to total 

1880. 

. 71,481,569 

47,529,711 

66 

1881. 

. 85,881,030 

54,320,018 

63 

1882. 

. 103,285,789 

57,254,507 

55 

1883. 


62,488,190 

54 

1884. 

. 119,735,051 

62,404,488 

52 

1885. 


62,137,271 

5G 

1886. 

. 112,743,403 

62,857,210 

56 

1887. 

. 129,975,557 

70,375,857 

54 

1888. 

. 148,659,402 

77,719,624 

52 

1889. 

. 141,229,514 

81,719,059 

58 

1890. 


88,770,814 

5G 

1891. 

. 168,566,668 

93,453,921 

55 

1892. 

. 179,329,071 

99,167,080 

55 

1893. 


98,038,267 

54 

1894. 

. 170,741,526 

91,833,584 

54 

1895. 


108,216,565 

56 

1896. 

. 191,986,357 

103,903,534 

54 

1897. 

. 200,223,665 

107,029,654 

53 

1898. 

. 219,976,267 

118,547,777 

54 

1899. 


134,568,180 

53 

1900. 

. 269,684,027 

137,210,241 

51 

1901. 


149,777,613 

51 

1902. 


139,947,962 

46 

1903. 


177,724,246 

49.7 

1904. 


171,094,996 

49 

1905 . 

1906 . 


196,073,487 

50 


68 




























RIVER COAL PRODUCTION 


% 


That which passes Lock Xo. 3, plus the coal mined in 1st and 2nd pool, makes total river 
traffic of 10,000,000 tons a year. This i- without the river coal consumption above Lock Xo. 
3. A steady increase is assured, as there has been a gain for the past three or four years, and 
with the improvement of the waterways and other markets opened, will continue to increase in 
output. 


MARKET PRICE OF COAL AND COKE 

Bituminous coal for fuel has increased from 07c in 1800 to $1.1.1 and $1.25 in 1007. 


PRICE OF COKE 

During the six months past the average price of coke ha- been about $3.00 per ton,— 
January 1, 1007—July 1, 1007. 

The price of coke April 20th, 1007, was: 

Foundry coke, $3.40 to $3.50 per ton; 

Furnace coke, $2.60 to $2.75 per ton. 

The total production for the week ending April 20th was nearly a half million tons. 
This is the output for the Connellsville district proper, the Klondike district, the Ligonier 
district, Latrobe, Greensburg and Irwin fields. 


PRICE OF BITUMINOUS COAL 


In 1886 the price of export coal at tidewater was $2.10; in 1896, $2.28; in 1906, $2.75. 


COAL PRICES 

With increased consumption and production and many new developments, coal prices are 
soaring. 

To fulfill requirements above up-to-date methods are being used in mining coal and mar¬ 
keting same. The compressed air and electric mining machine, mechanical drill making a 
hole for the powder blowing down the coal, electric light in the mines, electric locomotives to 
haul the coal to the surface, automatic dumps, fifty-ton cars, drop bottom cars and machines 
that will dump whole carloads of coal, automatic conveyors, the modern coal barges on lake 
and ocean, all tend to enable the progressive ones in the coal business to make the supply an¬ 
swer the demand. Even with these, high prices are prevailing for both coal and coke. 

If other districts had large fields of coal equal to that of the Pittsburgh district they would 
remain intact a long time. The Pittsburgh district will be more fully developed, and it is 
only a matter of comparatively few years that they can withstand the strain of such enormous 

production. 


COKE DEMANDS 


Certain we are that our industrial progress 
ucts. The disappearance of our forests makes 
Then, because of this large demand which is sure 
roads upon our coking coal supplies. I he laigf- 


means large output of iron and steel prod- 
a broader market for these commodities. 

to be present, the greater will be the in¬ 
coke producers have a bright future before 


them. Large returns will necessarily result. The various coking coal people have accumu¬ 
lated large fortunes with but few, if any, exceptions. W ith good prices maintained and a 
possibility of much higher prices, coking lands are a safe and wise purchase. I he prices as 
they are to-day make the production of coke an attractive proposition. The piesent supply 
will not meet the enormous demand for steel products, nor the future requirements in con¬ 
nection with the plants the steel people are building. I his means a further increase. 


BY-PRODUCTS OF COKE 

The products derived in making coke are fuel gas, illuminating gas, ammonia and tar, 
and these after passing through the complex process of modern chemistry are resolved into 
many secondary by-products. 

In the coking process part of the gas is consumed; the excess gas amounts to about 8,000 
cubic feet for each ton of coal coked. On this basis the coal coked in this country last year 
produced an equal amount of gas as is produced from wells. 

Much interest should be attached to the future of by-product coking plants and the great 
future worth of their products. 


ANTHRACITE 

As the immediate fields in the Anthracite District began to be depleted and old collieries 
abandoned, we quickly observed the increased price of remaining coal and of then present 
operations. It was then seen that there was but little that was not in the hands of the 
wealthy anthracite interests, and, in the main, parties identified with railroads were the owners. 

The reason the anthracite fields have held out as they have may be noted in the following: 

The anthracite trade practically did not begin until 1855; it was then used for making 
pig iron. Wood had been used as fuel in the homes, and charcoal in smelting ore in furnaces. 
From this on anthracite predominated until about 1875, and in 1870 more coke was used than 
charcoal. 

The output of coke in 1859 came from less than fifty ovens. The big develoi^ment did 
not begin until 1880. In 1867 there were about 11,000,000 tons of anthracite produced. In 
thirty years thereafter there was 50,000,000 tons produced, and in 1906, 64,000,000 tons. In 
1904 there was 67,000,000 tons produced, which seemed to be the zenith of the anthracite coal 
production. 

The output and demand has in the past twenty to thirty years been increased and has 
hurried the depletion of the anthracite coal areas until its maximum output has been reached. 
Many of the old collieries are becoming idle, and the result is this coal will rapidly go out of 
the market. The natural increase that will come to the bituminous coal areas for fuel, and 
increased use of coke because of same, together with the certain increased demands as our 
industries progress and as our nation becomes more thickly populated in numbers and becomes 
greater in wealth mainly from the development of our natural resources and other indus¬ 
tries will continue to make our nation famous. 

In January, 1901, the stockholders of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, an anthracite 
operation, received a letter from the banking house of J. P. Morgan & Co. in which an offer 
was made making the aggregate amount to be received by the stockholders at least 752%, or 
$376.00 per share, the par value of each share being only fifty dollars. 

Note the millions of dollars of capital that have resulted from operations in the anthra¬ 
cite coal regions, also the largely capitalized railroads entering the same. 

E. W . Parker, coal expert of the United States Geological Survey, says: “Hard coal will 
never be cheaper to consumers than it is now.” 


70 


New York City uses fifteen million tons of anthracite annually, or a tonnage equal to the 
whole output of the Pittsburgh Coal Company, our largest bituminous coal company. This 
anthracite coal averages retailing in price from $5.00 to $5.75 per ton. 

The use of anthracite coal in certain markets has an uncertain future. The abandoned 
breakers and depleted areas in the Ilazelton and Lehigh region alone indicate that the future 
coal tonnage will diminish rapidly. It is true there are some seams in some of the collieries 
that are still virgin and untouched, but they are thin and can be worked to but little profit 
compared with the ones being operated at present. The fact is that much of the region has 
been gone over with its first mining. Just how long it will take to exhaust the coal in the 
anthracite district cannot be definitely determined; not near so easily as in the bituminous 
fields where the seams are more persistent and their extent better known. One thing is certain, 
the future tonnage of the anthracite district will gradually decline. 

Because of the greater results secured in the use of bituminous coal and its being more 
easily procured, the United States Navy, in 1883, made a change from anthracite to soft coal, 
and if there was some method by which the smoke producing qualities could be eliminated 
bituminous coal would make an ideal fuel, not only for Navy purposes, but other commercial 
purposes. Smoke consumers have been generally unsuccessful and the smoke produced in fur¬ 
naces cannot be consumed so as to be made invisible. Skilled firing will do more to prevent 
smoke in the furnaces, and upon this, whether through the use of automatic stokers or other¬ 
wise, we should depend for success in meeting the smoke producing qualities of soft coal. 


NATURAL GAS 
And Its Future 


Natural gas is disappearing rapidly from the many fields. It is easily to be seen that the 
large industrial development will be, as they are in the main at present, in close proximity to 
where large fuel deposits exist. Great Britain would lose her large industries if not for her 
coal deposits. There is much alarm felt over the rapid depletion of same, and prominent in¬ 
terests are opposing the exporting of coal. As it is, they have to mine it under adverse condi¬ 
tions in the way of dee]) shafts and expensive mining. 

We lead the world and our wealth of fuel is in the main what has aided us. The ab¬ 
sence of so fortunate a supply of coal would show quite a different industrial condition in the 
Pittsburgh district. Modern methods in advancement, in construction and development, re¬ 
quire more iron and steel, and with the rapid disappearance of wood as structural material 
there will be a marked increase m the use of metal tor construction. 


EXPORT COAL 

Our vessels that have to coal in Europe are compelled to pay $2.50 to $3.50 more per ton 
for coal on that side than here. This is because the main available coal areas of Europe are be¬ 
coming rapidly depleted and the prices are soaring. The result is that vessels sailing from this 
side, whether American or foreign, desire to carry as much coal as possible to supply them 

until their return. . . 

There are large coal areas in Europe and Asia and other parts of the globe, but it is not 

a question as to the amount, but as to its availability. A few hundred miles over poor lines 
of railroad or none at all will make inaccessible for consumption such coal beds, regardless of 

In the bids supplying the Belgium government with coal in March, 1907, the price asked 
for bituminous coal was $3.28 to $4.44 per ton; hard coal No. 2, $2.90 per ton; half bitumi¬ 
nous, No. 3, $3.09 per ton, and coke, $6.17 per ton. You can note the efficiency of bituminous 

coal from that of hard coal. 


71 


As to our market, will say, that with the underlying conditions as they are, the large 
coal market at home, the coal trade has a flattering outlook when you consider the great held 
for export trade. We can put our eoal on boats at Newport News, Norfolk, Philadelphia, Bal¬ 
timore or New York, or any nearby port, and ship it to Europe and sell it for less money 
than coal can be bought for in European markets. 

An aggressive and extensive movement could he made on the part of Anrenican capital in 

the way of shipping coal to Great Britain and the rest of Europe. In the last few years some 

of our capitalists have suddenly awakened to this great commercial opportunity. 1 his would 
enlarge our capacity and meet not only all needs of our thousand of consumers here but give 
them the coal at a price that would aid industrial conditions there. 

The mines in Belgium are stated to he somewhat like the anthracite district; they have 
passed the limit of their capacity for the production of coal. In Germany there is embar¬ 
rassment among manufacturers because of the high price and scarcity of fuel due to exhaustion 
of their mines and the curtailment of the export of coal from Great Britain. Grear Britain’s 
product is limited and price high because of the increased expense of securing production. 
Many shipments of coal from our Eastern ports are made to London. By having the carrying 

capacity we can sell coal at a good profit and at rates low enough to command an excellent 

export trade. When American capital is certain that the ocean rates will not be made arbi¬ 
trary and the carrying capacity being large to suit requirements, then will we invade in 
earnest the coal markets of Europe. It is simply a question of ocean transportation, and this 
should certainly soon be solved. 

The reason that there is but little export trade is thus explained. We have the coal 
and there is an immense demand for it abroad, yet we have not been able to sell it cheaply enough 
because of the high charges in transportation. This question should very soon resolve itself 
into some fair and definite form. 

I he mines of Great Britain to-day supply the greater part of the demands for coal through¬ 
out Europe. English and \\ elsli coal is found in every part of the world where steamboats 
refill their bunkers; every Naval Station on the globe, except those where the American flag is 
to be seen, have British coal on their docks. English economists are raising the cry against 
exporting of coal. 1 hey see in the dim future that England will be stripped of her fuel 
supply, and with this her industrial glory will begin to wane. 

Me can mine our coal far more cheaply than can the English. Our seams are, in the main, 
in horizontal beds and lay near the surface. W ith modern machinery we get a great output 
and we can produce the best fuel known to commerce. Far sighted economists will observe that 
we have export trade of wonderful proportions before us; we need it for iorn and steel as well 
and will get it. 1 he exports of coal from the 1 nited States have never exceeded 8,000,000 
tons in any one year, but in 1906 is about fourteen times as much as 1886 on bituminous coal, 
while for the same period in anthracite coal it is only about three times, and for the past ten 
years in coke the domestic exports can be multiplied seven times. With coal at New 
( asth*, England, and ( ardiff, \\ ales, at from $5.50 to $7.00 per ton, we can export coal to Con¬ 
tinental Europe at a profit, even with present freight rates. The ocean shipping facilities must 
b:‘ improved, and this would be the initial step toward organizing a large export trade. Ship- 
peis should own their own specially constructed colliers. By shipping coal by water the en¬ 
tire distance from Pittsburgh, our Pittsburgh coal could be sold more cheaply at Cardiff, Wales, 
than the Welsh coal can he produced there. 

()ui 1 nited States consul, at Havre, states that owing to the widespread scarcity of coal 
at times the laige French consumers of coal are investigating the question of future use of 
Amei ican coal. Also at many other consular points. Once a foothold is obtained, Ameri¬ 
can ingenuity and tenacity of purpose would make our export trade in coal a permanent one, 
and it would hi* of great \alue to our shippers and miners and would assume large propor¬ 
tions. 


72 


INDUSTRIAL SITUATION 


Tn no ofliei country in the world is property so secure and wealth better protected than in 
the United States. Not until the 5th ( Fifth) Amendment of the Constitution had been repealed 
could there be an uprising against wealth to the extent of confiscation of private property. 

1 hen again, we are a commercial nation—a commercial people. Every person desires to 
keep intact his personal holdings, however small they he. Publicity in methods and results is 
all our democratic people demand, and that given, we will continue our great industrial progress. 

lo observe the rapid recovery from business depression in this country look at statistics 
of I ig Iron production. From 1883-85 there was decrease in production of tin amounting to 
11% followed by gain of 40% from 1885 to 1886. From 1903 to 1904 there was a decline of 
0.3% in production of pig iron followed by a gain from 1904 to 1905 of 40%, exactly the same 
proportion as from 1885 to 1886. The same large continued increase in coal and coke pro¬ 
duction. 

I he extent of depression is never equal to public estimate of it. Government estimate given 
for few years show conclusively that the volume of production, in what we call hard times, was 
only from 6 to 8% less than in good times; and it is clearlv shown bv the most authoritative sta- 
tistics that the running time of all industries, taken as a whole, is sometimes longer during pe¬ 
riod of depression than in prosperous times; at least it does not vary from 290 days in a year 
whether times are good or bad. So far as number of persons employed are concerned the 
same may be said, that the number does not vary largely whether times are good or bad. 

1 here is nothing in records of trade, transportation and banking during the past 50 years 
to indicate any tendency toward a secondary reaction between these ten year periods. 

At the present time we are experiencing a political upheaval—hut business and trade have 
not checked. Before presidential elections we experience slight check, but prosperity con¬ 
tinues with the usual onward movement soon thereafter. 


COAL RESERVES 


Many estimates have been made as to how long coal reserves will last, and usually they 
are very wide in their ideas. They base their estimate on present output, but do not take into 
consideration that we produce now double what we did ten years ago and four times what we 
did twenty years ago. This multiplying of production shows quite a different result from a 
straight estimate on present output. 

Asia's coal supply, the extent of Europe’s supply, Colorado’s and Montana’s coal fields, 
have but little or nothing to do in figuring what the future value of our coking coal will be, 
and at the same time how long will it last. The prediction is well made that with present 
increase it is quite probable that in much less than twenty years from now we will see 
eastern Greene and eastern W ashington counties having the largest operations in coke, and at 
the same time realize the extent of our rapidly disappearing coal reserves. 

Quoting Air. John H. Jones: 


“The anthracite production in the State of Pennsylvania in 1880 was 28,000,000 tons, while its pro¬ 
duction of bituminous coal was only 18,000,000 tons. Ten years later our production of anthracite was 
46,000,000 tons, and the bituminous output 42,000,000 tons, or only 4,000,000 tons below the output of an¬ 
thracite. In 1900 our anthracite product was 57,000,000 tons and the bituminous 80,000,000 tons, showing 
a difference of 23,000,000 tons in favor of the soft coal production. 

At the present time Pennsylvania is producing at the rate of 75,000,000 tons of anthracite and over 
100,000,000 tons of bituminous coal a year, while only nine years ago, or in 1897, the production of an¬ 
thracite and bituminous in the State was equal, being something over 50,000,000 tons of each. 

The production of the Pittsburg District for 1905 will amount to 42,000,000 tons. If the present 
ratio of increase continues, there will be mined in the Pittsburg District during the next twenty years 
1,758,000,000 tons, which, figuring a yield of 7,000 tons per acre, will exhaust 251,143 acres of coal. 

The production of the present time and this prophecy for the future serve to emphasize what 
has been, what is and what will be the keynote of the prosperity of the Pittsburg District. As one- 
half of the coal produced in this district is consumed in and around Pittsburg, the figures here given will 
furnish some idea of the magnitude of the industries of this great city. Such figures also lead us to 
stop and think of the exhaustion of our coal beds, which are generally accepted as being inexhaust¬ 
ible and equal to any demands we may make upon them.” 


73 


The following diagram, prepared from statistics of 
Parker, of the United States Geological Survey, shows 
duced in each decade since 1816. lie says: 


coal production collected by Mr. E. W. 
graphically the amount of coal pro- 


i 


I8i6to182S 331.356 Shoktton;. 


1826 to 1835 4 168 149 ST 


I 


I836t 0 )84S. 23.177 637st 


1846 to 1855 83 417.825 ST 


1856 to 1866 173.795 014 st. 


1866 to 1875 419.425.104 S.T. 


1876 to 1885 847,760,319 ST 


1886 to 1895 1.586,098.641st 


1896'to 1905 2.832.599 452 ST. 


“Will our Coal last ioo years? 

“The actual consumption of coal in the United States during this period has been somewhat 
greater than that shown by the diagram, for some coal has been imported, but the diagram shows the rate 
at which we have been using our own coal. The rate of increase is enormous; it is simply appalling. 
As shown by the diagram, the amount produced in any one decade is equal to the entire previous pro¬ 
duction. The curve indicating the increase seems to be going off into the future in a straight line, and 
this means an increased production that no supply, however great, can withstand for many years. 

If the rate of consumption of 1905 were maintained indefinitely, without change, our coal would 
last approximately 4,000 years, but if the constantly increasing rate which has marked the consumption 
during the past 90 years be maintained, our coal will practically be exhausted within 100 years. 

The question now remains. Will this increasing rate hold? In order to answer that question we 
must analyze the present consumption to see whether all of the factors composing it will probably con¬ 
tinue to increase in the future as they have done in the past. 

A large part of the coal produced in this country is consumed by the railroads. According to an 
estimate prepared by the Interstate Commerce Commission, the amount of coal consumed by locomo¬ 
tives in 1905 amounted to 106,000,000 tons. Will this increase or decrease in the future? While it is 
possible that railroad building in the future will not be so active as it has been in the past, there is every 
prospect of a great and growing increase in the traffic of existing lines, and this will lead to a con¬ 
stantly increasing consumption of coal unless some new source of power is discovered. The same ar¬ 
gument applies to steamship lines, to manufacturing, and to domestic consumption of coal. In view 
of these considerations, it does not seem probable that the rate of increased consumption will be affected 
materially for a great many years to come, and hence the estimate of 100 years will be nearer the truth 
than 4,000 years. The real life of our coal fields probably will be somewhere between these ex¬ 
tremes, and it seems probable that it may be about 200 years. 

If this estimate is even approximately correct, is it not time for the government to take some 
steps to prevent the remaining coal of the west from passing to the hands of corporations, to prevent 
wasteful methods of mining and use, and to conserve for the use of the common people even this 
small fraction of the total coal of the country? No doubt there is a great difference of opinion on this 
subject, but it is hard to see how any fair minded person interested in the good of the people of this 
country rather than the corporations can look upon the present situation with other than concern, and 
can fail to unite in an effort to avert the evil consequences that may be in store for future generations.” 


74 





The following eleven pages embrace a folio prepared by II. A. Kuhn, President of Pitts- 
burgh-Westmoreland Coal Company, one of the larger Companies in Pittsburgh District: 
the values shown therein are brought up to date. 

Mr. H. A. Kuhn is a Mining Engineer of wide experience and is a recognized authority 
on Pittsburgh coal and the coal mining industry. 

Pittsburgh coal field showing area of coking coal area of gas coal, area of high grade steam 

coal. 

Also graphic representation showing yearly productions to date, probable future yearly pro¬ 
ductions, probable life of Pittsburgh coal field. 

Values of the coking coal, gas coal and steam coal of the Pittsburgh field during the last 
six years, probable increase in values during the next ten years. 

Also ownership of coal lands and divisions of field, showing location of steam coal, coking- 
coal and gas coal. 


75 





IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 


The iron and steel industry of Pittsburgh and Lake districts nearby, the most wonderful 
developments in history, was possible because of the existence of the 

LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES 
and 

THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELDS. 


I he largest industrial centre of the world has been built on the use of these two materials 
in the Pittsburgh district. 

THE LAKE SI PERIOR IRON ORES, once thought to be inexhaustible, have now a 
certain measured quality and value; that value is certain, safe and rapidly increasing. 

THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELDS possess the same advantage over all other coal 
fields as the LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES over other iron ores, and the foundation upon 
which the values rest are the same for both. 

1st, LOCATION. THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD surrounds and is nearest the 
largest iron and steel manufacturers of the world. It is 160 miles to a Lake front. It is 
the only low sulphur coking and gas coal that can meet the LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES 
at a low transportation cost. 

2nd, QUALITY. The quality of the Pittsburgh coal area as shown on the map, cannot 
be approached by any other coal. For coking, chemically the coke is uniformly low in sulphur, 
phosphorus and ash ; physically, no other coke has hardness of body, cell structure and burden 
bearing qualities equal to the coke made from the Pittsburgh seam. For gas making, the 
Pittsburgh gas coal is the finest in the world, and to-day practically all the gas plants east of 
the Mississippi River use Pittsburgh gas coal, which yields 10,000 feet of gas to the ton of coal 
of 18 candle power as well as the maximum quantities of by-products. 

When used to generate steam it is only equalled by the Pocahontas coal. In competition 
with ordinary steam coal, it generates 10 per cent, more steam, hence, where a delivered 
cost is $2.00 to $3.00 per ton, Pittsburgh coal is worth 25 cents more per ton to the consumer 
than a competing coal at the same price, and in addition the engineer and firemen are satis¬ 
fied. 


3rd, COST OF PRODUCTION. On account of this thickness and uniformly horizontal 
position of the seam a miner is able to work in a standing position, and can produce a maxi¬ 
mum tonnage of coal for a good day's wages. 1 his seam of coal is especially adapted to mining 
machinery; practically all coal is produced by machine mining. 


77 


OWNERSHIP OF COAL 


The Pittsburgh coal field of the quality which made the development of the iron industry 
possible, is to-day held by a few corporations and individuals. 


QUANTITY AND LIFE OF FIELD 

The quantity is now measured and the life of the unmined area ascertained. It is now 
known that a production meeting the maximum requirements cannot be maintained for a period 
of more than fifteen years of gas coal, and thirty-five years for coking coal. The area of the 
Lake shipping and steam coal, which exceeds in quality 90 per cent, of all other eastern coals, 
will he depleted as rapidly as the gas and coking coal. 


VALUES 


Values of the Pittsburgh coal field of the quality as mapped, has increased almost as 
rapidly as the LAKE SUPERIOR IROX ORE. The values and appreciation in values 
are equally as certain. A conservative estimate of increase in value for the whole field can 
be placed at 10 per cent, a year for the next ten years. Few other investments are as safe. 
The increase is certain, and the coal, while underground, is indestructible. 


MAPS AND TABULATED INFORMATION 

The following maps and tabulated information show the area of coking coal, area of gas 
coal, and area of high grade steam coal; 

Also graphic representation showing yearly production to date; 

Probable future yearly production; 

Probable life of the Pittsburgh coal field. 


VALUES 

Values of the coking coal, gas coal and steam coal of the Pittsburgh field during the last 
six years; 

Probable increase in value during the next ten years; 

Also ownership of coal lands. 


78 



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IRON AND STEEL 


The statistics relative to the production of steel in the 1 nited States^ as given by the 
American Iron and Steel Association, shows a production of Open Hearth Steel, Ingots and 
Castings, for 1905 and 1900, in the United States: 


,3 i 


6 gross tons 


1905 .,. 8,9 7 1,1 

1906 . 10,970,998 gross tons 

With the outlook ahead in iron and steel as it is, just as certain as our industrial progress 
goes forward, will we need a steady and increasing supply of these commodities. 

The building of a large steel plant at Duluth, and of a $75,000,000 plant at Gary, 
Indiana, certainly show the faith our large interests have in the future of the iron and steel 
business. Pennsylvania’s furnaces make more than one-lialf of the output of pig iron in the 
United States. 


EXHAUSTING NATURE'S CAPITAL 


The proceeds from the mining of coal is real and permanent wealth, as they are values 
taken from the earth. In developing a mining proposition no one is the loser, no one is 
wronged, evCn if the owners do become wealthy. \ alues are created. 

The worth of our coal production last year amounted to several hundred million dol¬ 
lars. With the tremendous advantage in the development of the natural resources of this coun¬ 
try, our coal bills will increase every year, and it would require a vivid imagination to esti¬ 
mate its limits in the next two or three decades. Therefore, we see that coal belongs to the lim¬ 
ited and rapidly disappearing reserve force of nature. In the consuming of coal we are making 
inroads into Nature’s capital. Various estimates have been made as to how long the existing 
deposits will withstand the increasing draft made on them, and exceptional interest should be 
taken in this. Under the present conditions, the tendency of coal prices is upward, and coal 
must always be relatively costly, by reason of remoteness from production. The advanta¬ 
geous location of the coal operation means much. 

As to the present and future state of coal trade, the marvelous growth of our industrial sys¬ 
tems of late years has created large and continually increasing demands for bituminous coal 
for fuel by manufacturers, gas producers, transportation companies, power plants, and numer¬ 
ous other industries. 

The foundation of all these industries and the force and power which moves the wheels 
of commerce is found in the lump of coal, which goes into the furnace and releases the stored 
up energy. Coal is, therefore, the fundamental basis of power, and it is the staple article which 
of necessitv finds use and ready sale in every state in the Union. 


COAL-GENERAL 

Coal is universally used as a fuel. It seems that when nature prepared the earth for this 
strenuous advance of civilization, and at the time when geological formations were undergoing 
many changes, the greatest boon to mankind was being prepared for. Vegetation was quite 
luxurious in its growth. The carbonic acid gas generated was the main aid, and the result of 
the whole was beds of fuel buried deep in the bowels of the earth; some of them caused by more 
quiet subsidence and others left after much agitation; the one in the regular horizontal bed, 
the other with its trend of bed pointing skyward, and in both the magical power of combus¬ 
tion and ignition is to be had. 

This country is first among the nations of the world in the production of coal, and it is 
naturally as well as true that greater opportunities are afforded here in the coal industry than 
any other country, and no field offers better results in investigation than that of the coal in- 


88 




dustry. The output of the world last year was more than 1,000,000,000 net tons. Of this 
the United States produced more than 400,000,000 tons. Bituminous coal forms the greater 
tonnage as compared with anthracite, and the territory producing it covers a much wider field; 
Pennsylvania taking the lead, followed by West Virginia, whose Pocahontas-Xew River-Ka- 
nawha famous districts are yielding large tonnages. Other districts increasing in tonnage are 
Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indian Territory; while Ohio, Indiana and Illinois trade has 
been on the increase for several years; while in the west and northwest Montana, Wyoming, 
Colorado, New Mexico and Utah have had a great increase in product. There is a large acre¬ 
age of coal in the last five named States, especially in Colorado, but the long freight haul and 
being far from a large market, make the lands of but little value for immediate use. 

There are many theorists who from time to time advance many arguments as to curbing 
the coal consumption through some device or invention, such as the Altoona man who burned 
two-third ashes and one part of coal and got better results than all coal; and various other par¬ 
ties advancing the conversion of peat balls and by making briquettes of coal; solving the coal 
problem bv doing without coal; but the component parts and material energy that makes up 
such fuel has to come from some source or another, and invariably we find the coal the cheap¬ 
est of any. The peat beds are restricted in their extent, and this alone will measure any argu¬ 
ment that it would displace coal any other than locally. 

Colorado’s coal fields are great in extent. Much of the coal is superior in quality, free 

from sulphur and rich in carbon. A number of veins contain a species of coal which can read- 

ilv be converted into coke. 

*/ 


COAL IN THE UNITED STATES 

The United States is producing one-third more coal than Great Britain. Germany is 
following closely to Great Britain’s output. Of the United States, Pennsylvania produces 
about three times as much bituminous coal as West Virginia or Illinois, which stand second 
and third respectively as coal producers. It is remarkable how rapidly the increase in con¬ 
sumption of coal has been in the past few years due to the vast number of enterprises projected 
by the most energetic people,—the railways, steamship companies, and the steel and iron in¬ 
terests, and the many others. 


Since 1844, or sixty years, coal consumption has practically doubled every ten years. Be¬ 
cause of the alarming diminishing of our coal resources, the United States Geological Sur¬ 
vey has taken up the matter of obtaining the energy that might be taken from our poorer 
coals, such as lignites and other veins having high ash and other impurities. 

The rate of increased demand for coal is not only enormous, but simply appalling. Higher 
speed is demanded on train and ship; forced output in our industries; it will be years before 
our railroads are able to properly take care of our developments, whether it be farm product 
or product from mill and factory. 

In the past not nearly so much consideration has been given the purity of coal as at 
present, A fraction of sulphur or high ash very seldom made much difference in the price 
paid for the product. 


value 


Lately much consideration is being given to the purchase of coal rated on the heat unit 
of same. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, at Washington, have de¬ 
cided upon this basis. It is also stated to be the general plan of the Government to make 
future purchases of coal on the basis of heat producing value and not so much per ton. The 
better the quality the larger the price paid. A standard heat unit basis should soon be arrived 
at among the various coals used. This plan will soon go into operation, and the old basis, of 
so much per ton, will gradually disappear. 


89 


THE COUNTRY'S MATERIAL ENERGY 


In contrast ini’-, it is difficult to conceive of any relation between the forest of mammoth 
trees and luxurious vegetation which existed thousands of years ago, and the black substance 
outcropping on the hillsides. The two ends of this immeasurable span of time sums up the 
story of coal. First, the accumulation of vegetable matter from these forests,—leaves, bark, 
fibers, form into peat beds; then these, subject to the ever increasing pressure of accumulat¬ 
ing strata above them, acted upon by heat and the chemical agencies of the earth in a manner 
to deprive the mass of certain gases, while retaining others, until in slow process the whole 
forest became compressed into what is known as coal. Nature has distributed her store of coal 
impartially, in such a way that most countries have some share. 

Late science has brought forth a vast knowledge upon coal, and our civilization recognizes 
it as the material energy of the country,—the universal aid, a factor in everything that we do. 

Without coal we would have to resort to water and wood for the power needed. This 
thought is certainly good evidence of the stability, permanence and vital importance of the 
coal mining business. What should be the most attractive thing about it is that the element 
of speculation is entirely eliminated. 

The coal seams can usually be located for miles with outcrops in various places, whereby 
actual knowledge can be gained of the thickness of the vein and the quality of the coal, thus 
leaving no uncertainty about it, and with our giant industries, continually enlarging, surely 
sufficient earning power can be shown, both present and future, to eliminate all suspicion and 
question. 


Besides and in addition, the coal resources of Europe are becoming depleted. The world 
is looking to this country for its supply of coal. There never has been a time that presented 
a brighter outlook, founded upon more solid conditions and more favorable to us, than is en¬ 
joyed by the export coal trade of this country at the present time. This will leave a broader 
and larger market at home for our product. 

John W. Boileau. 


90 








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